167 research outputs found
تقييم مستوى فيتامين د في مصل الدم لدى الاشخاص المصابين بمرض السكري من النوع الثاني في محافظة غزة - قطاع غزة
No full textBackground: Type 2 diabetes is prevalent in Gaza strip. Although vitamin D deficiency has been recently linked to diabetes, biochemical tests are restricted to traditional monitoring of glucose. Therefore, introducing vitamin D test in Gaza hospitals may help in the management of the disease. Objective: To assess serum vitamin D level in type 2 diabetic patients from Gaza Strip. Materials and methods: This case-control study comprised 58 type 2 diabetic patients (29 males and 29 females) and 58 healthy controls (29 males and 29 females). Questionnaire interview was applied. Body mass index was determined. Serum vitamin D, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinin, calcium and phosphorus were determined. Blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured. Data were computer analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: The mean ages of cases and controls were 52.8±7.3 and 52.9±7.5 years, respectively. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was more frequent among unemployed individuals, families with low income and individuals with family history of the disease (P<0.05). About two-thirds of the patients were not on diet and almost half of the patients had diabetes since 5 years or less. The main self-reported complications were retinopathy, cardiovascular disease and neuropathy. The BMI was significantly higher in cases than controls. The mean level of vitamin D was significantly lower in cases compared to controls (25.9±11.0 vs. 34.6±13.8 ng/dl, P=0.000). The levels of blood HbA1c and serum glucose were significantly increased in cases compared to controls (7.9±1.7 vs. 5.3±0.8 %, P=0.000 and 208.2±113.0 vs. 100.5±24.4 mg/dl, P=0.000 respectively), whereas serum insulin was significantly decreased in cases (13.0±13.7 vs. 18.0±8.7 MlU/ml, P=0.030). The mean levels of triglycerides was significantly higher in cases compared to controls (284.7±120.2 vs. 234.2±134.6 mg/dl, P=0.035) whereas HDL-C was significantly lower in cases (34.5±7.1 vs. 41.3±10.9 mg/dl, P=0.000). The activities of ALT and AST were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (20.9±14.8 vs. 16.5±6.2 U/L, P=0.045 and 22.6±10.6 vs. 17.9±6.0 U/L, P=0.004, respectively). Serum calcium was significantly lower in cases compared to controls (9.0±0.7 vs. 9.4±0.7 mg/dl, P=0.002). Vitamin D was inversely associated with family history of diabetes. Serum vitamin D levels showed significant negative correlations with BMI (r=-0.201, P=0.032), HbA1c (r=-0.188, P=0.046), ALT (r=-0.192, P=0.040) and AST (r=-0.188, P=0.044), and significant positive correlations with HDL-C (r=0.188, P=0.044) and calcium (r=0.239, P=0.010). Conclusions: Serum vitamin D was significantly lower in type 2 diabetic patients compared to controls. Serum vitamin D levels showed significant negative correlations with BMI, HbA1c, ALT and AST, and significant positive correlations with HDL-C and calcium
ERRATUM: Volume 215, Number 1, October 4, 1995: Shuqin Zong, Maged Yassin, and Tsutomu Tanabe, G-Protein Modulation of a1A (P/Q) Type Calcium Channel Expressed in GH3 Cells, pp …
No full textErratum-Volume 215, Number 1 (1995), in the article'G-Protein Modulation of α 1 A (P/Q) Type Calcium Channel Expressed in GH 3 Cells,'by Shuqin Zong, Maged Yassin, and Tsutomu …
No full textدراسة مستوى الحمض الميني الهموسيستين بين مرضى السكري النوع الثاني في محافظة غزة
No full textBackground: Diabetes mellitus is prevalent in The Gaza Strip. Recently, hyperhomocysteinemia has been linked to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetic patients. Objective: To assess homocysteine and some biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetic patients from Gaza Governorate, Gaza Strip. Materials and Methods: This case control study comprised 84 diabetic patients taken from Al Rimal diabetic clinic and Al-Shifa hospital in Gaza Governorate. And 84 healthy controls were included. Cases and controls were matched with age and gender. A questionnaire interview was applied. Serum homocysteine, glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and whole blood HbA1c were determined. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: The mean ages of controls and cases were 49.2±7.6and 50.1±5.8 years. Diabetes mellitus was more prevalent among unemployment individuals as well as among individuals with family history of diabetes. Two thirds of patients were not on diet. In addition, the prevalence of diabetes was higher among individuals who frequently eat meat. The self-reported complications among diabetic patients were retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, recurrent infections, skin lesions and oral cavity lesions. The prevalence of retinopathy and neuropathy showed positive significant association with the duration of diabetes. The t-test showed significant increase in BMI of diabetic patients compared to controls (30.1±5.6 vs. 25.7±3.7, p= 0.000). The mean level of serum homocysteine was significantly higher in diabetic patients compared to controls (20.8±5.4 vs.13.4±3.7 µmol/l, P=0.000). Higher levels of homocysteine were found in unemployed cases and those with family history of diabetes as well as individuals who ate meat daily. The mean levels HbA1c and glucose were significantly higher in patients than in controls (7.5±1.4% and 252.9±119.5 mg/dl Vs. 4.7±0.6% and 108.7±13.7 mg/dl, P=0.000). The average levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C were higher in cases (240.3±84.7, 215±89.7 and 154.1±84.4 mg/dl, respectively) compared to controls (180.2±28.6, 123.3±60.1 and 107.0±23.9 mg/dl, respectively) with P=0.000, P=0.000 and P=0.001, respectively. On the other hand, HDL-C was significantly lower in cases (41.3±11.3 Vs. 46.9±7.1 mg/dl, P=0.015). Urea and creatinine concentrations were significantly elevated in cases compared to controls (59.4±52.3 and 1.4±1.6 mg/dl Vs. 26.0±7.5 and 0.72±0.16 mg/dl, p=0.000 and p=0.005, respectively). The Pearson correlation test showed positive significant correlations of homocysteine with BMI, HbA1c, glucose, triglyceride, urea and creatinine ( r=0.214, P=0.045; r= 0.473, P=0.000; r=0.508, P=0.000; r=0.422, P=0.000; r=0.647, P=0.000 and r=0.601, P=0.000, respectively). On the other hand, there was a negative significant correlation between homocysteine and HDL-C level (r=-0.443, P=0.000). Conclusions: The significant increase of homocysteine in diabetic patients and its positive significant correlations with BMI, HbA1c, glucose, triglyceride, urea and creatinine and negative significant correlation with HDL-C makes it a possible biomarker for diabetes and may indicate its pathophysiological role in the disease
Microalbuminuria among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in the Gaza Strip
No full textDiabetic nephropathy is defined as the appearance of persistent proteinuria in an individual with diabetes. The present study was carried out to assess microalbuminuria among type 2 diabetic patients in the Gaze strip. The target population was type 2 diabetic patients from Al Remal diabetic clinic. The sample size was 99 type 2 diabetic patients (44 males and 55 females) and 95 healthy individuals (52 males and 43 females) aged 30-60 years. Data were collected from a questionnaire interview and biochemical analysis of blood and urine samples of the diabetics and controls. Random spot urine and fasting blood samples were collected. Microalbuminuria was determined by immunoturbodimetric technique to calculate albumin/creatinine ratio. Serum glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), HbA1c and C-reactive protein were determined. Urine components including urea, creatinine and phosphorus were measured. Dipstick was used to exclude macroalbuminuria and microalbuminuria was confirmed by 24 hours collection. Results showed that 22.2% were microalbuminuric diabetic patients, 22.2% were macroalbuminuric diabetic patients and 55.5% normoalbuminuric diabetic patients. Microalbuminuria was found to be related to diabetes mellitus (X2=10.0 and P=0.002). There were significant differences in age and body mass index between controls and diabetic patients (t=8.8, p=0.000 and X2=27.87, P=0.000). Smoking was significantly associated with macroalbuminuria (X2=8.33, P=0.004). About half of patients were found to be diabetics since 5 years or less and they can develop microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria within this period. Serum urea, creatinine and uric acid concentrations were significantly decreased in diabetic patients compared to controls 23.89±6.80, 0.49±0.15 and 3.05±0.98 respectively versus 26.65±6.98, 0.57±0.11 and 3.79±0.85, respectively with t=2.8, p=0.006,t=4.12, p=0.000 and t=5.6, p=0.000 respectively. In microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric diabetic patients, only urea concentrations were significantly increased 26.00±9.29 and 25.59±8.35 mg/dl compared to that of normoalbuminurics 22.38±4.24 mg/dl, (t=2.35, p=0.021 and t = 2.2, p = 0.030). In urine, urea and creatinine showed significant decreases among diabetics compared to controls (1426.97+542.43, 105.94+59.50, respectively) compared to controls (1627.16+552.71, 132.55+63.23 respectively) with t=2.55, p=0.012 and t=3.02, p=0.003 respectively. In microalbuminuric diabetic patients urine, urea, creatinine and phosphorus showed significant decreases compared to normoalbuminurics (1153.64±434.22, 72.32±42.39 and 32.14±15.44, respectively) compared to normoalbuminurics (1454.±509.24, 110.21±54.23 and 51.78±32.86, respectively) with t=2.34, p=0.022, t=2.84, p=0.006 and t=2.66, p=0.010, respectively. Iron and magnesium levels were significantly decreased in diabetics 78.31±29.29 and 2.04±0.21 compared to controls 92.05±30.51, 2.15±0.16 with (t=3.5, p=0.001 and t=4.26, p=0.000). In contrast potassium levels were increased 4.74±0.37 compared to controls 4.61±0.36 (t=2.31, p=0.022). Calcium levels were increased in microalbuminuric diabetic patients 9.81±0.31 and normoalbuminurics 9.57±0.49 in relation to serum levels of calcium with t=2.03, p=0.046 and iron levels were increased in macroalbuminuric79.18±30.37 and normoalbuminurics 77.00±28.71 with (t=2.41, p=0.018). ALP was significantly increased in diabetics 131.91+38.73 compared to controls 117.40+23.06 with (t=3.15, p=0.002). Lipid profile including, total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C were higher among diabetics (198.90+ 30.50, 227.27 + 116.59 and 128.27+ 40.38, respectively ) compared with those of controls (186.22+ 33.43, 128.98 + 53.01 and 109.04+ 29.42 respectively ) with t=2.76, p=0.006, t=7.51, p=0.000 and t=2.60, p=0.010. In contrast, the average of HDL-C of diabetics (44.30+7.60) was lower than that of controls (47.14+5.83) with t=2.90, p=0.004. However, these parameters were not affected by the presence of macroalbuminuria and microalbuminuria. HbA1c was significantly increased in diabetic patients versus controls 6.73+1.22 versus 5.26+0.57 with t=23.22, p=0.000 and microalbuminuric diabetic patients have significantly higher HbA1c than normoalbuminurics 7.27±1.65 and 6.55±1.09 with (X2=7.75, p=0.021)
Arabic Text Classification Using Learning Vector Quantization
No full textText classification aims to automatically assign document in predefined category. In our research, we used a model of neural network which is called Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) for classifying Arabic text. This model has not been addressed before in this area. The model based on Kohonen self organizing map (SOM) that is able to organize vast document collections according to textual similarities. Also, from past experiences, the model requires less training examples and much faster than other classification methods. In this research we first selected Arabic documents from different domains. Then, we selected suitable pre-processing methods such as term weighting schemes, and Arabic morphological analysis (stemming and light stemming), to prepare the data set for achieving the classification by using the selected algorithm. After that, we compared the results obtained from different LVQ improvement version (LVQ2.1, LVQ3, OLVQ1 and OLVQ3). Finally, we compared our work with other most known classification algorithms; decision tree (DT), K Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Naïve Bayes. The results presented that the LVQ's algorithms especially LVQ2.1 algorithm achieved high accuracy and less time rather than others classification algorithms and other neural networks algorithms
دراسة مستوى الحمض الاميني الهرموستين بين المصابين باعتدال الكلى المزمنة في محافظة غزة
No full textBackground: chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the leading cause of death among the Palestinians. Although hyperhomocysteinemia has been strongly linked to CKD, biochemical tests are restricted to monitoring kidney function test . Therefore, introducing homocysteine test in Gaza hospitals for CKD patients may provide a clearer picture on the patient condition and help in the disease management. Objective: To assess homocysteine status and some biochemical parameters of CKD in patients from Gaza Governorate, Gaza Strip. Material and methods: This case-control study comprised 82 CKD patients and 82 healthy controls. Questionnaire interview was applied. Serum homocysteine, urea, creatinine, uric acid, protein profile, and electrolytes were determined . Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: The mean ages of controls and cases were 44.8±10.2 and 45.7±13.6 years, respectively. CKD was more frequent among lower educated and unemployed individuals as well as among families with low income (P<0.05). BMI of cases was significantly higher than that of controls (30.6±6.8 vs. 25.6±3.7, and P=0.000). Clinical data showed that hypertension, diabetes and obesity are risk factors of CKD. Among food stuff, only frequent consumption of meat was found to be a risk factor of CKD. The mean levels of homocysteine was significantly higher in cases compared to controls ((27.8±5.7 vs. 13.4±3.7 µmol/l, P=0.000). The average levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid were found to be significantly higher in cases (114.1±40.3, 4.9±2.8 and 6.1±1.8 mg/dl, respectively) compared to controls (26.0±7.5, 0.69±0.12 and 4.3±1.1 mg/dl,) with P=0.000. In contrast, the mean value of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) was markedly declined in cases compared to controls (19.3±15.0 vs. 125.5±22.7, p=0.000). There was a significant decrease in the mean level of total proteins in cases compared to controls (6.8±0.6 vs. 7.1±0.3, p=0.021). Homocysteine levels were higher in low educated, unemployed, and low family income (P=0.000). Homocysteine levels were also higher in hypertensive, diabetic and obese individuals as well as in individuals who ate meat frequently (P<0.05). Homocysteine levels were positively correlated with BMI (r=0.291, P=0.006), urea (r=0.698, P=0.000), creatinine (r=0.674, P=0.000), uric acid (0.471, P=0.000), potassium (r=0.643, P=0.000 ) and phosphorus (r=0.467, P=0.000) and negatively correlated with GFR (r=-0.793, P= 0.000), total protein (r=-0.255, P=0.016) and calcium (r=-0.420, P=0.000). Conclusions: Serum homocysteine level were significantly higher in CKD patients compared to controls. Homocysteine levels in CKD patients were higher in low educated and unemployed individuals as well as family with low income. Hypertensive, diabetic and obese individuals as well as individuals who ate meat frequently had also higher levels of homocysteine. Homocysteine levels were positively correlated with BMI, urea, creatinine, uric acid, potassium and phosphorous, and negatively correlated with GFR, total protein and calcium
متلازمة تكيس المبايض لدى النساء المصابات بالسكري من النوع الاول في محافظة غزة
No full textBackground: Women with type 1 diabetes depend on insulin injections throughout their life. However, recommendation for strict metabolic control of diabetes requires the administration of supra-physiological doses of insulin, which might result in insulin-mediated stimulation of androgen synthesis. Hyperandrogensim in women with type 1 diabetes may be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Objective: To determine PCOS and associated clinical symptoms and biochemical alterations in women with type1 diabetes in Gaza Governorate. Materials and Methods: This case-control study comprised 50 type 1 diabetic women selected from Medical Relief Center in Gaza Governorate and 50 apparently healthy non diabetic controls. Questionnaire interviews were applied. Anthropometric measurements were preformed. Serum total testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and insulin were measured by ELSA. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Results: The mean ages of controls and cases were 23.8±5.2 and 23.3±5.7 years. The mean period of first delivery after marriage was significantly longer in cases compared to controls. Type 1 diabetes was more prevalent among less educated and unemployed women as well as among women with family history of diabetes. The mean of waist to hip ratio was higher in diabetic women compared to controls. The mean age of menarche was significantly higher in diabetic women compared to controls (13.9±1.6 vs 13.2±1.2 years, P=0.020). The presenting symptoms including acanthosis nigricanse, seborrhea and hirsutism were more prevalent in cases compared to controls. The levels of total testosterone and insulin were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (0.58±0.11 and 15.8±12.4 vs 0.44±0.11 and 10.8±4.5, % difference=26.3 and 37.6%, P=0.000 and 0.010, respectively). Polycystic ovary syndrome was present in 11 (22.0%) out of 50 cases compared with 3 (6.0%) in controls (c2(corrected) =4.070, P= 0.044). There was significant increase in PCOS frequency in cases with intensive insulin treatment 9 out of 22 (40.9%) compared to 2 out of 28 (7.1%) with non intensive insulin treatment. The Mean of waist to hip ratio was higher in PCOS than non PCOS cases. The mean insulin dose received by PCOS was significantly higher than non PCOS cases (72.7± 23.9 vs 55±19.8 U.I cc/ml, P=0.023). Oligomenenorrhoa was reported in 11 cases with PCOS compare to 6 cases without PCOS (c2(corrected)=23.735, P=0.000). In addition, the mean age of menarche was higher in PCOS than non PCOS cases. The mean levels of testosterone and insulin were significantly higher in cases with PCOS compared to cases without PCOS (0.64±0.09 and 23.1±13.0 vs 0.53±o.11 and 14.1±11.8, P=0.023 and 0.041, respectively). Conclusion: Intensive insulin treatment was more frequently received by PCOS cases. Oligomenenorrhoa and increased levels of testosterone and insulin were the main features of PCOS
حالة اللبتين و بعض المعايير البيوكيميائية لدى مرضى السكري النوع الثاني من الذكور المصابين باعتلال الكلى في قطاع غزة
No full textBackground: diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the appearance of persistent clinical albuminuria in an individual with diabetes. Although the role of leptin hormone in obesity is well established, its status in DN stages is still unclear and controversial. Objective: To assess leptin status and some biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetic males with diabetic nephropathy in Gaza Strip Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from questionnaire interview, and biochemical analysis of blood and urine samples of 150 type 2 diabetic patients. ELISA and turbidumetric techniques were used to investigate serum leptin and urinary albumin levels respectively. Enzymatic and colorimetric techniques were used to investigate urea, creatinine and lipid profile. To study DN, 22 macroalbuminuric patients found in the 150 diabetic patients were involved. The same number of diabetic patients were selected and classified into normo- and microalbuminuric groups. The control group also included 22 non diabetics. All groups were matched for age and BMI. Results: The average age of the controls was 49.07±6.0 years whereas that of diabetic patients was 50.6±6.0 years. The educational level, family history and diet were associated with diabetes (P=0.000). About half of patients were diabetics since ≤5 years. The main self-reported complications were retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases and neuropathy. The longer the duration of diabetes, the higher the percentage of self reported complications. Body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with diabetes (P=0.038). Serum glucose was significantly higher in diabetics compared to controls (179.4±83.0 vs 85.6±14.2 mg/dl, % difference=70.8, P=0.000). Serum urea and creatinine were lower in diabetics (24.4±7.9 vs 31.5±7.8 and 0.64±0.19 vs 0.80±0.20 mg/dl, % differences=25.4 and 22.2, respectively and P=0.000). Cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly higher in diabetics (198.3±38.8, 230±101.2 and 109.4±37.0 mg/dl) than controls (168.1±42.0, 152.2±77.8 and 68±40.1 mg/dl) with % differences of 16.5, 41.0 and 24.0 %, respectively and P=0.000). In contrast, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower in diabetics (42.9±6.3 vs. 51.5±10.3mg/dl, % difference=18.2 and P=0.000). Diabetic patients showed higher urinary albumin levels and GFR (110.7±179.2 vs 24.3±81.0 mg/g and 163.7±62.0 vs 127.1±343.80 ml/min/1.73m2, % difference=128.0 and 25.5, respectively and P=0.000). Urinary creatinine level was lower in patients (103.4±44.4 vs. 148.0±61.4 mg/dl and, % difference=35.5 and P=0.547). Normo-, micro- and macroalbuminuric patients were 79(52.5%), 49(32.6%) and 22(14.7%), respectively. Serum leptin was significantly higher in the microalbuminuric (14.6±11.7 ng/ml) and the macroalbuminuric (15.6±13.5 ng/ml) groups compared to control (5.9±4.0 ng/ml) group (P<0.05). Serum glucose, Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, urinary albumin were significantly higher in diabetic nephropathy patients than controls, In contrast, serum urea, creatinine, HDL-C and urinary creatinine were lower in diabetic nephropathy patients. For the study population there were positive significant correlation between serum leptin and BMI (r=0.410, P=0.000), duration (r=0.251, P=0.042), serum glucose (r=0.298, P=0.005), cholesterol (r=0.323, P=0.002), triglycerides (r=0.361, P=0.000), LDL-C (r=0.248, P=0.02) and urinary albumin (r=0.374, P=0.000), In contrast, leptin was negatively correlated with HDL-C (r=-0.313, P=0.001) and urinary creatinine (r=-0.256, P=0.016). Conclusions: Serum leptin hormone may consider according to the present funding new as a biomarker for progression of kidney disease in diabetic nephropathy patients
مستويات الهموسيستين وبعض المعايير البيوكيميائية لدي مرضي السكري النوع الثاني المصابين باعتلال الكلي في مدينة غزة
No full textBackground: Diabetes mellitus is prevalent in the Gaza strip. Recently, hyperhomocysteinemia was linked to diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Objective: To assess homocysteine levels and some biochemical parameters among type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients inGazaCity. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study comprised 120 diabetic patients distributed as follows: Group I: 40 normoalbuminuric patients (urinary albumin 300 mg/g). The control group included 40 non diabetic healthy individuals. A questionnaire interview was applied. Urinary albumin and protein were measured. Body mass index was determined. Serum homcysteine, glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and whole blood HbA1c were determined. Results: The mean urinary albumin concentrations were 15.9±4.8, 22.3±5.2, 146.7±80.7 and 348±37.6 mg/g in control group, groups I, II and III, respectively. The mean ages were 56.9±6.2, 57.7±7.1, 57.8±5.4 and 58.5±6.3 years. Diabetic nephropathy was more prevalent among less educated and unemployment individuals as well as among individuals with family history of diabetes and those who frequently eat meat. The main self-reported complications among patients were retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases and neuropathy. The prevalence of such complications was significantly increased with the development of diabetic nephropathy. The ANOVA test showed a progressive significant increase in the mean levels of serum homocysteine recording the values of 13.4±3.7, 17.1±4.8, 20.3±5.9 and 22.9±5.5 µmol/l in controls, groups I, II and III, respectively (P=0.000). Body mass index was also significantly increase (P=0.000). Serum glucose and blood HbA1c in various diabetic groups exhibited significant gradual increase with the development of diabetic nephropathy (glucose: 225.6±51.1, 251.3±104.3 and 288.7±176.2 mg/dl and HbA1c: 7.6±1.1, 8.6±1.3, 8.8±1.4) in respect to control group (109.7±14.8 mg/dl and 4.7±0.6) with P=0.000. Similar trend was found for urea and creatinine showing values of 26.0±7.5, 48.7±5.38.1, 54.6±40.0 and 72.1±62.6 mg/dl in control group and groups I, II and III for urea, and 0.72±0.16, 0.89±0.62, 1.23±1.25 and 1.68±1.87 mg/dl for creatinine (P=0.000 and P=0.006, respectively). In general, there was gradual significant increase in cholesterol (P=0.001), triglycerides (P=0.000) and LDL-C (P=0.005) whereas HDL-C was significantly decreased (P=0.000) in different diabetic groups towards the development of diabetic nephropathy. Homocysteine levels were higher in less educated and unemployment individuals, individuals with family history of diabetes, and individuals who frequently eat meat and eat less fish. Homocysteine showed significant positive correlations with urinary albumin (r=0.564, P=0.000), serum glucose (r=0.465, P=0.000), blood HbA1c (r=0.517, P=0.000), serum urea (r=0.654, P=0.000), serum creatinine (r=0.561, P=0.000), triglycerides (r=0.320, P=0.001) and significant negative correlation with HDL-C (r=-0.517, P=0.000). Conclusion: Homocysteine level progressively increased with the development of diabetic nephropathy. Such levels correlated positively with urinary albumin, serum glucose, blood HbA1c, serum urea, creatinine and triglycerides, and negatively with HDL-C
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