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Competition Law and Economic Regulation
No full text競爭法與經濟管制為兩個政府可資運用以監督市場的工具，競爭法透過禁止特定限制競爭行為、或是避免廠商濫用優勢地位，以促進市場機制的運作；經濟管制通常牽涉在特定產業部門中，國家直接、強制的改變，特別是針對市場失靈問題加以解決。 本文欲處理的議題為競爭政策與產業政策調和之問題，特別是1980-90年代之後傳統高度管制的產業均面臨解除管制、自由化之傾向，傳統上採取發展主義的東亞國家，在面臨半管制的情況下，更是遭逢競爭法與經濟管制併行適用的挑戰，我國即是其中之一。透過比較美國最高法院的Trinko案以及歐盟聯邦法院的Deutsche Telekom案與Telefónica案，似可從法院的論理過程中觀察其背後隱藏的政策選擇與思潮演變的進程。 在這樣的脈絡下，競爭法做為一跨產業、一般性維護市場秩序的法律架構，如何在進入各產業時，與各產業法規之互動做調和，為本文的宗旨。而關於我國表明此問題意識的具體條文展現於公平交易法第46條，該條在我國一共歷經兩次修正，從原本尊重各產業主管機關的管制措施，漸漸過渡到競爭法應優先適用的原則。若從實然面上作觀察，競爭政策確實扮演越來越重要的角色；然而，本文主張應避免以「經濟基本法」與「特別法優於普通法」等傳統形式法位階理論為建構論理之基礎，同樣地僅探究本法立法意旨亦無法真正觸及問題的核心。本文即主張應回歸競爭法與經濟管制的實質理論分析，方為適當的解決之道。另外，本文在得到最終答案後，將會以此進而分別於金融業、電業、電信業等產業中探討在既存的金融法、電業法與電信法法規範下，公平交易法應如何適用之問題。 本文試透過外國法制立法背景之比較為借鏡，並輔以相關經濟與競爭法理論作為討論基礎，整理出一份決定公平交易法是否應適用或是豁免之判斷清單，供我國立法時之參考。同時，此議題無可避免地亦將涉及競爭主管機關與各產業管制機關的分權問題，這個部分將在本文中一併進行討論。Competition law and economic regulation are two legal tools the government can utilize to supervise the market. Competition law seeks to reinforce the operation of the market mechanism by proscribing certain anticompetitive behaviors and preventing firms from abusing its dominant position. Economic regulation, on the other hand, usually involves direct and coercive changes from the government in certain industrial sectors, especially to resolve problems regarding market failure. The main issue addressed in this paper is the conflict between competition policy and regulatory policy. In particular, in the 1980s, many traditionally highly-regulated industries were faced with the trend of deregulation and liberalization. Many Eastern Asian countries, having adopted developmentalism in the past, are notably challenged by the concurrent application of competition law and economic regulation. In fact, Taiwan itself is among one of these nations. By comparing the decision of Trinko v. Verizon of the United States Supreme Court to the holdings of Deutsche Telekom as well as Telefónica of Justice of the European Union, the underlying policy decision and the discourse shift can be seen by analyzing the reasoning of both courts. Under such circumstances, competition law is served as a cross-industrial and overarching legal framework to maintain market mechanism. The main focus of this paper is therefore to discuss how competition law interact with other regulatory tools when entering each industry. The concrete legal representation reflecting such issue in Taiwan is present in Article 46 of the Fair Trade Act, which has undergone two revisions, gradually transitioning from respecting the regulatory framework of each industrial authority to adopting the principle of prioritizing the Fair Trade Act. In fact, the competition policy indeed plays a more important role than ever. Nevertheless, this paper argues that basing the discussion on the traditional legal system rules such as “economic basic act” and “lex specialis derogat legi generali” should be avoided. Similarly, it is not adequate to reach the core of this issue by solely looking at the legislative purpose of the Fair Trade Act. Instead, this study urges that the appropriate solution can only be found by returning to the analysis of the actual theory between competitive law and economic regulation. Moreover, upon reaching a conclusion to this question, this paper will proceed to further discuss about the application of Fair Trade Act within the existing regulation of Financial Act, Electric Industry Act, and Telecommunications Act in the financial, electronic, and telecommunications industries respectively. This paper compares between the legislative backgrounds of other jurisdictions, supplementing with discussions on economic and competitive law theories. A list of comprehensive factors on deciding whether the Fair Trade Act shall be applied to or exempted is then compiled so as to serve as reference for Taiwan’s legislation. Meanwhile, the power division between competition and regulatory authorities is unavoidable when discussing about this issue, and is therefore included in the analysis in this paper
Private participation in administrative commission and the remedies of damage--Focus on the”Law for Promotion of Private Participation in Infrastructure Projects”
No full text 「私人參與行政任務」之傳統由來已久，且隨著時代演進，得由私人參與之行政任務範疇亦不斷擴大。因我國法為公私法二元區分體系，而行政任務本在實現特定行政目的，其原則上應屬公法管轄之領域；然而亦得因其履行時之法律形式不同，而具有不同之法律屬性。 如何區分履行行政任務時之公私法形式本非易事，如再參雜「私人作為任務執行主體」此一要素，則更趨複雜。履行行政任務之過程中如發生損害賠償事件，究應成立國家賠償責任或民事侵權行為責任取決於任務履行時之法律形式；於「私人參與行政任務」此種公私法交錯之領域，除救濟途徑外，更須研究應以行政機關或私人為損害賠償責任主體，對於受害人皆構成請求上之困難。 因「私人參與行政任務」僅為一抽象之描述性用語，並不含有任何規範性功能或意義。故為解決上述問題，本文先嘗試以不同之區別標準，更加細緻化地理解「私人參與行政任務」此一概念內涵；再擇定符合本文研究目的之區別標準，將其作類型化區分，探討於不同類型下發生損害賠償事件時，受害人應如何正確尋求救濟。 其後本文以「促進民間參與公共建設法」第8條中所規定之民間參與方式為研究對象，即以本文先前建構私人參與行政任務之類型，分析促參法第8條各種參與方式之內容，探討各種參與方式於不同階段中產生損害賠償事件時應如何救濟。最後以高雄捷運系統做為實際案例分析，搭配大眾捷運法中與本文研究相關之條文分析，用以驗證本文先前之研究成果，並與台北捷運系統為一比較研究。“Private Participation in administrative commission” has been a long tradition. As time goes by, the categories of administrative commission which allow private sectors to participate are getting larger. Because the law systems of our country are separated into two categories: public law system and private law system, and administrative commission aims to realize some administrative goal, it is generally regulated by the public law system. Nevertheless, the character of administrative commission is changeable due to the format of execution. It has never been an easy work to tell the format of execution of administrative commission belongs to public or private law system. The problem becomes much more complicated when the subject of the execution of administrative commission is a private sector. When a damage case happens during the execution of administrative commission, deciding whether the civil law or the State Compensation Law should be applied depends on the format of execution of administrative commission. In this category “Private participation in the administrative commission” where public law and private law overlap, the victims need not only choose the right regulation but also judge the defendant should be the administrative institution or the private sector. This makes it difficult for them to file a suit. “Private participation in the administrative commission” is an abstractive description without any regulatory function or meaning. In order to solve the mentioned problems, this thesis firstly uses different standard to understand the concept more precisely. Then we select the standard corresponding to the goal of this thesis to categorize it into several types. The correct remedies can be found by analyzing the traits of different types. Moreover, this thesis focuses on article 8 of “Law for Promotion of Private Participation in infrastructure Projects”. Using the previous types to analyze the different methods of participation regulated in article 8, and then to choose the correct remedies in different periods of different types. Lastly, this thesis takes “Kaohsiung MRT” as an example. Comparing it to “Taipei MRT” and analyzing some articles of “Law of MRT” related to this thesis to verify the research outcome.第一章 緒論 1一節 問題意識與研究動機 1、問題之提出 1、研究動機 2、私人參與行政任務之需求日益增多 2、公私法交錯之領域所生損害賠償性質疑義 3二節 主題界定與探討方式 4、研究目的 4、研究對象與研究範圍 4、研究方法 5三節 本文架構 5二章 私人參與行政任務之概念與類型 7一節 私人參與行政任務之概念 7、名詞解析與用語統一 7、相類似用語 7一）行政任務之民營化、私部門化、私人化或私營化 7二）公私夥伴關係 8、本文著眼點：參與行政任務之行為主體 8、行政任務概念之釐清 9、公共任務、國家任務與行政任務之區分 9、得交由私人參與之行政任務 10、私人參與行政任務之類型化區別標準 11、以私人是否出於自由意志為區別標準 11、以私人之身分為區別標準 12、以私人之法律上地位為區別標準 13一）私人之法律上地位等同於行政機關 13二）私人之法律上地位附屬於行政機關之下 13、以任務執行方式之公私法屬性為區別標準 13一）公法與私法之區別實益 14二）須區別公法與私法之情形 15三）公法規範與私法規範之區別 15四）公法事件與私法事件之區別 18五）公權力行政與私經濟行政 19六）國家賠償法上公權力之概念 20、以私人之參與途徑為區別標準 21一）以締結契約之方式參與行政任務 22二）以行政機關做成行政處分之方式參與行政任務 25三）依法律規定而參與行政任務 26、本文所選擇之分類標準及形成之類型 27一）第一步驟：以任務執行方式之公私法屬性為區別標準 27二）第二步驟：以私人之法律上地位為區別標準 27三）公法上地位與私法上地位之轉換 29四）小結：本文脈絡下私人參與行政任務之類型 30二節 私人參與行政任務之類型 31、擬制行政機關：受委託行使公權力之私人 31、形成其法律地位之原因關係 31、權限內容 32一）公權力之內涵 32二）執行任務之方式：以自己名義為之 34三）法律保留原則 35、小結 37、行政機關之助手：行政助手 37、形成其法律地位之原因關係 37、權限內容 38一）協助行政機關執行「公權力」 38二）執行任務之方式：以行政機關之名義為之 39三）不須適用法律保留原則 40、以私法契約羅致之私人？ 40一）學說之發展 40二）本文對現行學說之批評 42三）小結 44、小結 45一）判斷重點：名義上之非獨立性 45二）無法律保留原則之適用 45三）原因關係可為私法行為 45、純粹之私人 46、形成其法律地位之原因關係 46、權限內容 46、小結：本文之體系區分 46三章 私人參與行政任務所生損害賠償之救濟途徑分析 48一節 私經濟行政 49、民事契約責任 49、民事侵權行為責任 50、參與行政任務之私人 50、行政機關 50一）民法第28條。 50二）民法第188條 51三）民法第189條 51四）民法第191條 51五）民法第185條 53、小結 53二節 公權力行政 54、訴願前置主義 54、行政訴訟類型之選擇 55、第一次權利保護與第二次權利保護 56、制度目的 56、第一次權利保護優先原則 57、我國現行法之規定 58一）先提起行政訴訟（先踐行第一次權利保護程序） 58二）同時提起行政訴訟及民事訴訟（同時請求第一次權利保護與第二次權利保護） 59三）先提起民事訴訟（先踐行第二次權利保護程序） 59、小結 60、公權力行政下之救濟管道選擇 61、受委託行使公權力之私人 62一）訴願程序 62二）行政訴訟程序 63三）國家賠償程序 64、行政助手 64一）訴願程序 65二）行政訴訟程序 65三）國家賠償 66、小結 67四章 促進民間參與公共建設法之分析 69一節 促進民間參與公共建設法概述 69、促進民間參與公共建設法之意義及定位 69、促進民間參與公共建設法之架構及內容 70、促進民間參與公共建設法之章節編排 70、促進民間參與公共建設法下之法律關係簡述 71一）投資契約：形成私人之法律上地位 71二）私人參與之方式：依其法律上地位得行使之權限 72三）促參法下之三方法律關係 73二節 促進民間參與公共建設法下之法律關係分析 74、參與公共建設之私人與行政機關 74、定性投資契約之實益：涉及私人法律上地位之判斷 75、我國學說就投資契約性質之爭議 75一）私法契約說 75二）行政契約說 76三）混合契約說 76四）本文見解：定性投資契約之步驟 77、促參法條文之定性 77一）促參法第12條 78二）促參法其他條文 78三）小結：無法由定性促參法之條文判斷投資契約之屬性 81、投資契約之區別標準 81一）我國學說與實務：契約標的結合契約目的理論。 81二）本文見解 82、實務案例分析 83一）ETC判決：九四年停字第一二二號裁定。 83二）臺灣高鐵、高雄捷運、機場捷運。 86、小結 86、參與公共建設之私人與第三人 87、投資契約可否分割判斷 88、投資契約於不同階段可能形成之法律效果：結合「私人之法律上地位」與「公有公共設施」之討論 88一）Ｂ＝Build：私人之法律上地位為「純粹之私人」 89二）Ｏ＝Operate：私人之法律上地位須視情形而定 92三）Ｔ＝Transfer 93、促參法第8條之規定 95一）ＢＯＴ 96二）ＢＴＯ 98三）ＲＯＴ 105四）ＯＴ 107五）ＢＯＯ 108、小結：促參法下之三方法律關係 108五章 實際案例分析：高雄捷運系統 110一節、高雄捷運概述 110、大眾捷運法之規定 110、高雄捷運之相關機構 110二節、ＢＯＴ模式下之三方法律關係剖析 112、獎勵民間參與交通建設條例與促進民間參與公共建設法 112、不同階段中可能產生之法律效果 113、興建過程：純粹之私人 113、營運過程：私人之法律上地位須視情形而定 113、移轉所有權後 113三節 大眾捷運法之相關規定 113、侵權事件之損害賠償 114、條文之公私法屬性判定 114、條文之構成要件分析 114一）客觀構成要件 114二）主觀構成要件 116、大眾捷運法第46條以外之損害賠償事件 117、對第三人所為之公權力行為：「受委託行使公權力之私人」或「行政助手」 118、法律保留原則之適用 119、營運機構之法律上地位：「行政助手」 119、不服處分時之救濟途徑 120、行政機關與參與行政任務之私人 120四節 實際案例檢討：高雄捷運施工意外事件 121五節 案例比較：台北捷運系統 121、台北捷運系統中之法律關係分析 121、台北捷運股份有限公司為公營企業：「非真正之私人」 122、台北捷運系統為公有公共設施 123、台北捷運系統營運中所產生之損害賠償性質分析 123一）人的責任 123二）物的責任 124、小結 124、台北捷運系統與高雄捷運系統之差異 125、是否為公有公共設施 125、是否成立國家賠償責任 125、屬於私人參與行政任務之何種型態 126六章 結論 127考書目 134、專書 134、期刊論文與專書中之論文 135、碩博士論文 14
Expression of chemokine receptor 6 and chemokine receptor 7 in oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma
No full text背景： 化學趨化因子接受器6及7 (CCR6及CCR7) 在人類不同的癌症中被發現有過度表現的現象 , 而且和腫瘤的大小、淋巴結的轉移、臨床的分期、腫瘤的侵犯 , 或病人的預後等有統計上有意義的相關。法：本研究利用免疫組織化學染色的方法 , 探討CCR6及CCR7於123例口腔鱗狀細胞癌 (OSCC)、105例口腔上皮變異 (OED; 35例輕度、37例中度、33例重度) , 和25例正常口腔黏膜 (NOM) 之表現。我們計算在口腔鱗狀細胞癌、口腔上皮變異與正常口腔黏膜中的細胞質與細胞膜CCR6或CCR7標記指數 (labeling indices , LIs) , 並比較各組間的差異。我們同時利用統計方法來分析細胞質與細胞膜CCR6或CCR7標記指數與口腔鱗狀細胞癌病人的臨床病理參數與存活率的相關性。果：在較高的CCR6 平均標記指數與男性病患 (P=0.042) 或淋巴結轉移 (P=0.027) 之間有著統計上顯著的差異。細胞質與細胞膜CCR7平均標記指數 , 從NOM至OED至OSCC有隨著惡性程度的增加而呈現統計學上有意義增加的情形(P=0.000) , 而且在較大腫瘤 (T3及T4)、淋巴結轉移 (N1、N2及N3) 及轉移淋巴結之淋巴結外散佈、較高的臨床分期 (臨床分期4 )之病患具有較高的表現量。論： CCR7在細胞質及細胞膜的表現從NOM至OED至OSCC有顯著的增加 , 而且和Ｔ分期、Ｎ分期及轉移淋巴結之淋巴結外散佈、及臨床分期有相關性。 我們的結果顯示CCR7的表現可以預測台灣OSCC的進展。Background: Overexpression of chemokine receptors 6 and 7 (CCR6 and CCR7) have been demonstrated in a variety of human cancers and found to be significantly associated with the tumor size, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, tumor invasion, or prognosis of these cancers.ethods: In this study, we examined the expression of CCR6 and CCR7 proteins in 123 specimens of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 105 specimens of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED; 35 mild, 37 moderate, and 33 severe cases), and 25 specimens of normal oral mucosa (NOM) by immunohistochemistry. The cytoplasmic and membranous CCR6 or CCR7 labeling indices (LIs) in OSCC, OED, and NOM samples were calculated and compared between groups. The correlation between the cytoplasmic and membranous CCR6 or CCR7 LIs in OSCCs and clinicopathological parameters or survival of OSCC patients was analyzed statistically.esults: There was a significant correlation between the higher mean CCR6 LI and OSCCs in male patients (P = 0.042) or with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.027). The mean CCR7 LIs increased significantly from NOM through OED to OSCC samples (P = 0.000). There is a significant correlation between the higher mean CCR7 LI and OSCCs with larger tumor size (P = 0.001), regional lymph node metastasis (P = 0.041), more advanced clinical stage (P = 0.017), and extranodal spread (P = 0.007).onclusion: The expression of CCR7 significantly increases form NOM through OED to OSCC samples, and is related to T status, N status, clinical staging, and extranodal spread of OSCCs. The CCR7 LI in OSCC samples can predict the progression of OSCC in Taiwan.中文摘要…………………………………………………………………7bstract………………………………………………………………8ntroduction……………………………………………………………9urposes of this study………………………………………………11iterature Review……………………………………………………12art 1: Introduction of oral squamous cell carcinoma……………………12i)Epidemiology in the world………………………………………12ii)Epidemiology in Taiwan………………………………………13iii)Etiology…………………………………………………………13iv)Clinical features………………………………………………16v)Histologic features………………………………………………18vi)Staging and grading……………………………………………19art 2: Prognostic factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma……………20i)Clinical factors…………………………………………………20ii)Histopathological factors……………………………………21iii)Molecular factors………………………………………………26Part 3: Chemokine and Chemokine receptor……………………28i)Introduction……………………………………………………28ii)Function……………………………………………………………28iii)Structural characteristics…………………………………29iv)Type…………………………………………………………………30Part 4: CC chemokine receptor 6…………………………………30i)Structure of protein and gene location……………………....30ii)Function of CCR6…………………………………………………31iii)Regulation of CCR6 expression……………………………...31iv)CCR6 expression in normal cells ……………………………32v)CCR6 expression in tumor cell lines…………………………33vi)CCR6 expression in cancers……………………………………34vii)CCR6 expression in OSCC……………………………………36art 5: CC chemokine receptor 7………………………………….36i)Structure of protein and gene location……………………36ii)Function of CCR7…………………………………………………37iii)Regulation of CCR7 expression……………………………38iv)CCR7 expression in normal cells ……………………………39v)CCR7 expression in tumor cell lines…………………………40vi)CCR7 expression in cancers……………………………………40vii)CCR7 expression in OSCC………………………………………43aterials and Methods………………………………………………44art 1: Patients and specimens………………………………………………44art 2: Immunohistochemical staining for CCR6 and CCR7………………………45art 3: Statistical analysis……………………………………47esults…………………………………………………………………48art 1: The mean CCR6 or CCR7 LIs for NOM, OED, and OSCC samples…………………………………………………………………48 Part 2: Correlation between the mean CCR6 or CCR7 LIs in OSCCs and clinicopathological parameters of OSCC patients…………………………49 Part 3: Correlation between the mean CCR6 or CCR7 LIs in OSCCs and oral habits of OSCC patients………………………50 Part 4: Correlation between CCR6 or CCR7 LIs in OSCCs and survival of OSCC Patients…………………………………50iscussion………………………………………………………………51onclusion………………………………………………………………56eference………………………………………………………………5
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Public opinion regarding earmarked cigarette tax in Taiwan
No full text[[abstract]]Background: Cigarette taxation has been perceived by academics and policy-makers as one of the most effective ways of reducing the use of cigarettes. On January 1 2002, the Taiwan government imposed a New Taiwan (NT) $5 per pack tax earmarked for the purpose of tobacco control. This study uses a survey collected prior to taxation to assess public attitudes toward cigarette taxation, public beliefs about the effectiveness of cigarette taxation at reducing cigarette use and public opinions about the allocation of this tax revenue. Methods: Data were drawn from a national face-to-face interview on cigarette consumption in 2000. A total of 3,279 adults were aged 18 to 64 years; 49.9% of whom were male and 50.1% female, and with a smoking prevalence of 49.1% and 4.1%, respectively. The attitudes toward cigarette tax were analysed using multi-logit regressions. We analysed by logistic regression the potential changes in smoking behaviour that smokers might make in response to the five NT ( New Taiwan) dollar earmarked tax on cigarettes per pack. We summarized public opinions about the allocation of earmarked tax revenue using descriptive statistics. Results: Current smokers ( OR = 0.34) and former smokers ( OR = 0.68) were less likely to support the cigarette tax than non-smokers. A favourable attitude toward the tax was positively associated with personal monthly income, especially among females. Among male smokers, the possibility of reducing/quitting smoking in response to the five-NT-dollar tax was negatively associated with the monthly expense for smoking. The two most frequently-suggested areas to receive money from the revenue collected from the earmarked tax were health education and cancer subsidy. Conclusions: Smoking status and economic factors determine the attitude and potential responses of people toward the cigarette tax. Taiwan's five NT-dollar earmarked tax for cigarettes may have only a limited effect upon the reduction in cigarette use
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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