1,720,954 research outputs found
La epidemia de peste a fines del siglo XVI: un análisis comparativo de los Imperios Otomano y Español
Full text linkPlague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It has been responsible for widespread pandemics in the world throughout history. In this regard, the plague began to affect the Ottoman Empire in phases from the middle of the 15th century and reached its peak in almost the entire empire at the end of the 16th century. Since it is not possible to deal with this whole process in one article, this article focuses on the end of the 16th century, when the plague intensified in almost the whole empire. However, this article aims to mainly analyse the process, conditions, dynamics and effects of this epidemic based on the Spanish Empire with the comparative historical method. The plague appeared in the Ottoman Empire from the 1570s and intensified between 1591-1596. In the same period, the epidemic also appeared in Spain. The outbreak hit Spain in particular between 1596-1602. The plague caused decline in agricultural production, disrupted supply chains in the Ottoman and Spanish Empires, and thus aggravated the famine conditions experienced in this period. The total number of deaths caused by the plague in the Ottoman Empire is unclear. In contrast, it is estimated nearly 500,000 people died from this epidemic, equivalent to 6-6.5% of the total population (around 8-8.5 million) in Spain. All this reveals that the plague at the end of the 16th century, at least based on Spain, did not affect only the Ottoman Empire and that this epidemic was part of an epidemic in the Mediterranean.
La peste, que es una enfermedad infecciosa producida por la bacteria Yersinia pestis, ha alcanzado la dimensión de pandemia en el mundo varias veces a lo largo de la historia. En este sentido, la peste comenzó a afectar también al Imperio otomano por etapas desde mediados del siglo XV y alcanzó su punto máximo en casi todo el imperio a finales del siglo XVI. Dado que no es posible abordar todo este proceso en un artículo, el presente artículo se centra a finales del siglo XVI, cuando la peste se intensificó en casi todo el imperio. Sin embargo, este artículo pretende analizar principalmente el proceso, las condiciones, la dinámica y los efectos de esta epidemia basada en el Imperio español con el método comparativo de la historia. La peste surgió en el Imperio otomano desde la década de 1570 y se intensificó entre 1591- 1596. En el mismo período, la epidemia también surgió en España. El brote asoló a España especialmente entre 1596-1602. La peste provocó la caída de la producción agrícola, interrumpió las cadenas de suministro a los otomanos y en España y, por lo tanto, agravó las condiciones de hambre experimentadas en este período. No se puede presentar el número total de muertos causados por la peste en el Imperio otomano. Por el contrario, se ha calculado el número de muertos por la peste en unas 500.000 personas, equivalente al 6-6,5 % del total de la población (alrededor de 8-8,5 millones) en España. Todo ello revela que la epidemia de peste de finales del siglo XVI, al menos sobre la base de España, no afectó únicamente al Imperio otomano, y que esta epidemia era parte de una epidemia en el Mediterráneo
The Meritocracy as the Basic Paradigm of Public Space: According to an Ottoman ‘Intellectual’ Mustafa Ali (1541-1600)
Full text linkThe social functions consisting of principles such as “being able to embody, express and represent a message, a view, an attitude, a philosophy or an opinion” are basic criterion of being intellectual. From this point of view, it is possible to say that every country, every age, every class, every ideology has suitable intellectuals for its structure. For this reason, the intellectual can not be assessed as a creation of modernity, that is, monopoly of a certain time and society. In parallel to the social functions of the intellectuals, Mustafa Ali who came to prominence as a creation of socio-political and economic conditions of the Ottoman State in the 16th century. Despite the monarchic and autocratic character of the Ottoman State, Mustafa Ali who revealed a paradigm about state and society life, not only at a theoretical level but also in a practical context, above all, exhibited an intellectual attitude with a critical, sharp, brave language and style. One of the most important determinations of Mustafa Ali about the Ottoman state and society life is erosion of meritocratic management mentality which ideally based superiority of the individual and talents of persons. Mustafa Ali, who regarded the erosion of the meritocracy as one of the most basic management problems, built his paradigm about state and society on this basis with examples of stories from near and distant pasts as well as religious references such as verse and hadith. In spite of the quantity of studies based on different aspects of Mustafa Ali, the absence of a study in a special sense on the basis of his emphasis of intellectuality and his demand of meritocracy which has vital values in the state and society at every stage of the historical process made it essential to carry out such a study
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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