22 research outputs found
Qing chu Ming wen pi ping yan jiu.
No full text黎必信."2012年3月"."2012 nian 3 yue".Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 355-368).Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.Abstract in Chinese and English.Li Bixin
Bixin particles purification by precipitation with supercritical CO2 as anti-solvent from active solution obtained from the extraction of semi-defatted seeds of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) assisted by ultrasound
No full textOrientadores: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles Petenate, Diego Tresinari dos SantosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da aplicação do CO2 supercrítico como antissolvente em contato com a solução de ativos (SA) obtida a partir da extração de compostos de sementes de urucum (Bixa orellana L.) semi desengorduradas a fim de se obter partículas ricas em bixina. Para isso, duas etapas foram desenvolvidas. Na primeira etapa foi aperfeiçoada a técnica de obtenção da SA a partir da extração dos compostos das sementes com etanol, combinando dois equipamentos: Ultra turrax (UTurrax), que produz suspensão operado por recirculação do líquido, e o Ultrassom (USom), que produz cavitação acústica no líquido. Esta é a primeira vez que o UTurrax foi usado para obter compostos ativos das sementes semi desengorduradas de urucum. A mistura etanol e ativos formou a suspensão, denominada de SA. O objetivo nesta etapa foi obter uma SA rica em bixina e pobre em gorduras. Com esse intuito foram feitas extrações variando-se as condições de uso ou não de USom e a razão massa de solvente por massa de matéria-prima (S/F). A composição química dos extratos foi analisada em relação ao teor de bixina e fenólicos por método espectrofotométrico, enquanto que o teor de óleo foi determinado nas sementes pelo método de extração Soxhlet. O uso de USom (800 W) e S/F de 1,6 g CO2/g urucum apresentou menor teor de óleo na SA, isto é, o maior teor de óleo permaneceu nas sementes (0,49 ± 0,08 g/100 g sementes, b.u.). Houve também menor rendimento de extração (X0): 2,6 ± 0,4 g/100 g sementes (b.u.), uma vez que a extração foi mais seletiva, resultando em rendimento de extração de bixina e fenólicos de 0,19 ± 0,06 g/100 g sementes (b.u.) e 0,8 ± 0,1 g/100 g sementes (b.u.), respectivamente. Na segunda etapa, a SA foi alimentada na unidade de precipitação Antissolvente Supercrítico (SAS) com o objetivo de formar partículas e caracterizar a distribuição da bixina e fenólicos nos diversos setores no interior da coluna. Com esse intuito, foi utilizado um planejamento experimental fatorial completo com 3 variáveis (pressão, vazão de CO2 e vazão de SA) em 2 níveis (10 ¿ 12 MPa, 500 ¿ 800 g/h e 0,5 ¿ 1 mL/min, respectivamente) sem repetição, totalizando 8 experimentos. O rendimento de precipitação foi influenciado negativamente pela pressão, sendo maior (80,5 %) a 10 MPa, 500 g/h e 0,5 mL/min. Da análise de distribuição das massas das partículas na coluna de precipitação, concluiu-se que para todos os experimentos maior massa foi depositada na base da coluna (aproximadamente 40%). Da mesma forma, maior concentração de bixina foi determinada na parede da coluna (51 ± 15 g/100 g extrato), com massa de extrato igual a 8,73 g/100 g sementes para 12 MPa, 500 g/h e 1 mL/min. A concentração de fenólicos nas partículas coletadas não foi influenciada pelas variáveis de estudo. A eficiência de precipitação de bixina nesta condição foi de 88,4 %. Porém, acredita-se que a eficiência de precipitação de bixina pode ter sido ainda maior, pois, houve setores da coluna nos quais foi difícil a coleta das partículas. Por último, através do processo de precipitação na unidade SAS, foi possível a obtenção de partículas com concentração de bixina 59 vezes maior do que a concentração inicial de bixina na SA alimentadaAbstract: The following thesis consist of the development of the application of the supercritical CO2 as an anti-solvent in contact with the Active solution obtained from the extraction of semi-defatted Annatto seeds (Bixa orellana L.) to obtain particles rich in bixin. To that objective, the present thesis was developed in two stages. In the first stage it was necessary to perfect the technique for obtaining the Active solution by extracting the compounds from the seeds with ethanol. This was accomplished by combining two pieces of equipment. One of the equipment of production of suspension operated by recirculation of a liquid (Ultra-turrax) and another equipment of production of acoustic cavitations (Ultrasound) inside the liquid. To the best of the author¿s knowledge, this was the first time that the Ultra- turrax was used as a method of extraction; furthermore it was the first time that the equipment was used to obtain Active components from the semi-defatted Annatto seeds. The mixture formed by the ethanol used here as a solvent and the actives formed Suspension which is nominated as Active solution. The objective for this stage was to obtain an Active solution high in bixin with minimum oil content. The extractions were done with that purpose, varying the conditions of use or not of ultrasound and the ratio of S/F (mass of solvent/ mass of raw material). The chemical composition of extracts was analyzed in relation to percentage of bixin and phenolics using the Spectrophotometry method, while the percentage of oils from the seeds were determine by the Soxhlet extraction method. The use of ultrasound (800 W) and S/F of 1.6 presented a low percentage of oil in the Active solution; which means, the greater the percentage of oil present in the seeds (0.49 ± 0.08 %, b.u.), the lower the efficiency of extraction (X0): 2.64 ± 0.42 % (b.u.) The extraction was more selective, resulting in efficient bixin extraction and phenolics in a solution of extract of 0.19 ± 0.06 % (b.u.) and 0.75 ± 0.10 % (b.u.), respectively. In the second stage, an Active solution was inserted into the precipitation unit-SAS with the purpose of forming particles and to characterize the distribution of bixin and phenolic in diverse sectors of the column. To that objective a complete experimental factorial design with 3 variables were used (pressure, flow of CO2 and flow of Active solution) and 2 levels (10 ¿ 12 MPa, 500 ¿ 800 g/h and 0.5 ¿ 1 mL/min, respectively) without repetition, totalizing 8 experiments. The efficiency of precipitation was negatively influenced by pressure, being greater (80.5 %) to 10 MPa, 500 g CO2/h and 0.5 mL Active solution /min. From the analysis of distribution of the masses of particles in the interior of the column of precipitation, it concluded that for all the experiments, greater amount of mass was deposit in the column¿s base (approximately 40%). Great concentration of bixin was settled in the column¿s walls (51 ± 15 %), where the mass of the extract was of 8.73 % for 12 MPa, 500 g CO2/h and 1 mL Active solution /min. The concentration of phenolics in the particles collected was not influenced by the variables of study. The precipitation efficiency of bixin in this condition was 88.4 %. However, its believe that the efficiency of bixin precipitation it could had been greater, because there were areas of the column that it was impossible to collect precipitated particles. Lastly, through the precipitation process in the SAS-unit, was possible to obtain particles with concentration of bixin 59 times greater than the initial concentration of bixin in Active solution inserted in the SAS-unitMestradoEngenharia de AlimentosMestre em Engenharia de Alimento
Lun Mao Lun Mao Zonggang dui "San guo zhi yan yi" de xiu ding yu ping dian
No full text黎必信."2006年8月"論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006.附參考文獻."2006 nian 8 yue"Abstracts in Chinese and English.Li Bixin.Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006.Fu can kao wen xian.Chapter 第一章、 --- 序論 --- p.1-34Chapter 第一節、 --- 毛綸、毛宗崗父子與《三國志演義》Chapter 1. --- 毛綸、毛宗崗的生平梗槪 --- p.2-11Chapter 2. --- 毛氏父子《三國》評點本的刊行問題 --- p.11-14Chapter 3. --- 毛氏父子評點本《三國志演義》版本流傳槪況 --- p.14-16Chapter 第二節、 --- 本文的硏究格局Chapter 1. --- 評點釋義及本文的硏究思路 --- p.16-20Chapter 2. --- 硏究材料的考辨 --- p.20-30Chapter 3. --- 本文的硏究方法 --- p.30-32Chapter 4. --- 本文的硏究意義 --- p.32-34Chapter 第二章、 --- 毛氏父子《三國志演義》評點研究回顧 --- p.35-66Chapter 第一節、 --- 硏究回顧的嘗試 --- p.35-36Chapter 第二節、 --- 毛氏父子《三國志演義》評點硏究階段槪述Chapter 1. --- 第一階段：有清以還的毛評本《三國》硏究(1679-1918) --- p.37-40Chapter 2. --- 第二階段：五四學風影響下的毛氏父子《三國》評點硏究(1919-1948) --- p.40-42Chapter 3. --- 第三階段：社會一歷史批評風氣下的毛氏父子《三國》評點硏究(1949-1979) --- p.42-45Chapter 4. --- 第四階段：毛氏父子《三國》評點硏究的多元發展期(1980年以後） --- p.45-57Chapter 5. --- 小結 --- p.57-58Chapter 第三節、 --- 毛氏父子《三國志演義》評點硏究之 博士、碩士論文評介 --- p.58-61Chapter 第四節、 --- 毛評本《三國》硏究的總體評價及展望Chapter 1. --- 缺少對毛評本《三國》硏究史的整理 --- p.61-62Chapter 2. --- 較少著眼於毛評本與其他小說評點的比較 --- p.62-63Chapter 3. --- 硏究視野的局限 --- p.63-64Chapter 4. --- 毛評本《三國》硏究展望 --- p.64-66Chapter 第三章、 --- 毛氏父子修訂《三國志演義》及其相關問題 --- p.67-114Chapter 第一節、 --- 引論Chapter 1. --- 文本修訂的合理性 --- p.67-69Chapter 2. --- 毛氏父子所言「古本」與「俗本」 --- p.69-70Chapter 3. --- 嘉靖本《三國志通俗演義》研究價値商榷 --- p.70-74Chapter 4. --- 本章的硏究格局 --- p.74Chapter 第二節、 --- 從〈凡例〉 看毛氏父子修訂《三國》 --- p.75-83Chapter 第三節、 --- 毛氏父子修訂《三國》補論Chapter 1. --- 「章回結構」的確立：從「則」到「回」的過渡 --- p.83-89Chapter 2. --- 「史傳特徵」的淡化：毛氏父子對「書表論贊」的删削 --- p.89-96Chapter 3. --- 介乎「章回結構」及「史傳特徵」的修訂 --- p.96-97Chapter 4. --- 小結 --- p.97-98Chapter 第四節、 --- 毛氏父子修訂《三國》受《李卓吾先生批評三國志》影響考略Chapter 1. --- 毛氏父子修訂《三國》受葉昼評語影響考 --- p.99-106Chapter 2. --- 毛氏父子修訂《三國》受葉昼評點符號影響考 --- p.106-112Chapter 3. --- 小結 --- p.112-113Chapter 第五節、 --- 結語 --- p.113-114Chapter 第四章、 --- 毛氏父子《三國志演義》批語的價値定位及其相關問題頁 --- p.115-173Chapter 第一節、 --- 引言 --- p.115-116Chapter 第二節、 --- 從「評點槪念」看毛評本《三國》批語的價値定位Chapter 1. --- 小引 --- p.116-117Chapter 2. --- 毛氏父子「步武聖嘆」說商榷 --- p.117-125Chapter 3. --- 從「評點槪念」看毛氏父子與金聖嘆的理論異同頁 --- p.125-133Chapter 4. --- 毛評本《三國》與金批《水滸》「評點槪念」述論頁 --- p.133-145Chapter 第三節、 --- 毛評本《三國》批語的承革與類型Chapter 1. --- 毛評本批語對明代《三國》評本的承革 --- p.145-147Chapter 2. --- 毛評本《三國》批語的內容類型試論 --- p.148-157Chapter 3. --- 小結 --- p.157Chapter 第四節、 --- 毛評本《三國》批語的文化意義論略Chapter 1. --- 從毛氏父子批語看評點者處身的文化景觀 --- p.158-161Chapter 2. --- 毛氏父子《三國》評點與傳統審美文化 --- p.162-173Chapter 第五節、 --- 結語 --- p.173Chapter 第五章、 --- 毛氏父子評點《三國志演義》的基本形態及其批評功能頁 --- p.174-253Chapter 第一節、 --- 引論 --- p.174-176Chapter 第二節、 --- 明清《三國志演義》評點形態之演進Chapter 1. --- 明代《三國》評點形態之演進 --- p.176-186Chapter 2. --- 清代《三國》評點形態之演進 --- p.186-187Chapter 第三節、 --- 毛評本《三國志演義》評點形態分解Chapter 1. --- 小引 --- p.190-191Chapter 2. --- 〈四大奇書第一´種Ø凡例〉：《三國志演義》的修訂法則 --- p.191-193Chapter 3. --- 〈讀三國志法〉：《三國志演義》批評觀點論綱 --- p.193-195Chapter 4. --- 回評：評點者的導賞文字 --- p.195-198Chapter 5. --- 批語：評點者的「反應」與「提示」 --- p.198-200Chapter 6. --- 圈點：輔助閱讀的批評符號 --- p.200-213Chapter 7. --- 各種評點形態的組合意義 --- p.213-219Chapter 第四節、 --- 從〈四大奇書第一´種Ø凡例〉看毛氏父子圈點《三國》Chapter 1. --- 〈四大奇書第一´種Ø凡例〉所述增補部份的圈點情況頁 --- p.220-230Chapter 2. --- 〈四大奇書第一´種Ø凡例)所述修訂部份的圈點情況頁 --- p.230-250Chapter 3. --- 小結 --- p.250-252Chapter 第五節、 --- 結語 --- p.252-253Chapter 第六章、 --- 結語 --- p.254-25
Engineering of ferroelectricity in thin films using lattice chemistry: A perspective
No full textISSN:0003-6951ISSN:1077-3118ISSN:1077-311
