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<Articles>The Fallacy of the Origins of “National Awakening” and its Perpetuation: Islamic Nationalist Historiography in Post-Independence Indonesia
No full text標準的なインドネシア史の説明では、最初のナショナリスト団体は一九〇八年設立のブディ・ウトモとされる。しかし、インドネシア独立直後の一九五〇年代に、イスラーム(商業)同盟がそれ以前に結成されたとする説が唱えられ始めた。この謬説は、当時の政治的なイデオロギー対立を背景に現れたイスラーム的ナショナリスト史観の論点の一つを成してきた。歴史学の立場からは繰り返し否定され、公的な歴史書に取り入れられることもなかったが、この謬説は大衆作家の著作によって社会に広まり、イスラーム出版市場の中では存続していった。スハルト体制崩壊後に歴史叙述の見直しが進むと、イスラーム勢力に現れた「保守化」傾向や「多数派主義」の動きと相まって、イスラーム的ナショナリスト史観が脚光を浴び、この謬説も取り上げられるようになった。しかし、この歴史観は決して新しいものではなく、現在の歴史叙述の見直しが求める要件を満たすようなものではない。In standard narratives of Indonesian history, the first nationalist organization is considered to have been Boedi Oetomo, founded in 1908, and the date of its establishment is now celebrated as “National Awakening Day.” However, in the 1950s, shortly after Indonesia gained independence, some began to assert that the Sarekat Islam (Islamic Union), or its predecessor, Sarekat Dagang Islam, was established earlier than Boedi Oetomo, which is often regarded as non-Islamic or anti-Islamic. This claim clearly contradicts contemporary historical records and has been dismissed by Western and Japanese researchers and even by most Indonesian researchers. Nonetheless, within Indonesian society, this account has persisted and even seems to have gained support in recent years. This paper examines how the fallacy regarding the process of the Islamic Union's founding has been perpetuated. It attempts to elucidate a specific trend in the historical perspective of Islamic groups in Indonesia -- a perspective that can be termed “Islamic nationalist historiography” – and its transformation and continuity, as well as contemporary issues associated with it. Special attention is given to how this fallacy has been treated through the creation of official historical narratives by Indonesian government agencies. The fallacy regarding the founding of the Islamic Union originated from the accounts made in his later years by H. Samanhoedi, who is considered the founder of the organization. He apparently gave such an explanation simply to exaggerate his contributions to the independence movement. His accounts gained significance against the background of ideological conflicts in 1950s Indonesia and were supported by certain factions within the Islamic movement, such as Tamar Djaja and Hamka, both journalists and writers. While another Islamic intellectual who later became a famous historian, Deliar Noer refuted their claims based on documents and interviews, the fallacy continued to spread within Indonesian society through works of popular writers, such as biographies of national heroes. At the second National Seminar on History held in 1970, Ahmad Mansur Suryanegara and Yahya Dimyati took up this fallacy, demanding that the origins of “National Awakening” in official historical narratives be changed from the founding of Boedi Oetomo to that of the Islamic Trade Union. Although their claims were not adopted in government-published history books like the National History of Indonesia (Sejarah National Indonesia), they survived in the Islamic publishing market. After the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, as existing historical narratives were reassessed, and amidst tendencies of “conservatism” and “majoritarianism” within Islamic groups, some researchers and history enthusiasts began advocating for the “Islamization of Indonesian history.” As a result, Islamic nationalist historiography gained prominence, and the fallacy regarding the process of the Islamic Union's founding received renewed attention. In this fashion, this fallacy has become a part of Islamic nationalist historiography. This historical view emerged in the 1950s as part of an effort to spread Islamic values within society. Regarding the fallacy, this historical perspective was still vague in Tamar Djaja's works but gained a clearer outline in Suryanegara's account. A notable characteristic of this historiography is its emphasis on the central role of Islam, the majority religion, in shaping Indonesian nationalism and the independence movement while denouncing elements perceived as non-Islamic or anti-Islamic. However, this historiography fundamentally presupposes the existence of a nation-state and discusses its formation from an anti-colonial perspective. In this regard, Islamic nationalist historiography shares an “Indonesia-centrism” with the dominant nationalist historiography of postindependence Indonesia. Indonesian scholars advocating for reinventing national historical narratives, such as Agus Suwignyo and Asvi Warman Adam, are critical of the claims for the “Islamization of Indonesian history.” Furthermore, although these two have not discussed it in detail, the Islamic nationalist historical perspective is not something new but merely an Islamic version of the nationalist historiography based on an Indonesia-centric perspective, which itself is now being criticized by Indonesian historians as something to be overcome. Finally, as is evident from the perpetuation of the fallacy surrounding the Islamic Union's founding process, the most significant problem of studies based on this historical perspective is inadequate scrutiny of contemporary sources and previous studies. The fallacy regarding its founding represents nothing but the remnants of past ideological conflicts
Script of Islam, Script of Malay: Jawi Revivalist Discourse in Early Independent Indonesia and Its Relationship to Malaya
Full text linkJawi, the Arabic script of the Malay language, is one of the cultural components historically shared in the Malay-Islamic world. Indonesia experienced a shift to the Roman alphabet during the early twentieth century, before Malaya did. However, in the 1950s, immediately after Indonesia's independence, Islamic leaders from West Sumatra initiated a discourse to revive the use of Jawi. This article examines the background of the discourse as well as its relationship to Malaya. Two factors can be identified as forming this background. First, Indonesian Islamic forces demanded the Islamization of the state and society. The discourse on Jawi was related to the emphasis on the significance of Islam in Indonesian culture. Second, regional dissatisfaction was heightened with the predominance of Java, the center of the state. As Jawi is called "the script of Malay" in Indonesia, the revivalist discourse can be understood as demanding respect for the regional Malay culture. From the discourse, it is evident that the unity of the Malay-Islamic world was recognized to some degree after Indonesia's independence. However, it was principally limited to the framework of the Indonesian nation-state and never developed into an idea that united the Malay-Islamic world politically. This indicates that Indonesian Islamic movements of that period - although their activities based on Islamism have attracted scholars' attention - had firmly adopted the idea of the Indonesian nation-state
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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