1,721,629 research outputs found
New Neanurinae (Collembola: Neanuridae) from Central China
No full textWan, Ya-Ru, Wang, Wen-Bin, Jiang, Jigang (2016): New Neanurinae (Collembola: Neanuridae) from Central China. Zootaxa 4139 (2): 183-196, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4139.2.
A Study on the Folk Religions Elements in 8 Taiwanese Novels Written After 90's
No full text摘要
本論文含緒論與結論共計八章，正文各章對六位作者(蕭麗紅、阮慶岳、施叔青、李昂、陳玉慧，黃凡)，八本小說涉及「民間信仰」的相關書寫進行研討。本論文所欲研究的小說，主要屬漢人「民間信仰」體系，雖然也有文本涉及「佛家思想」和「基督教」觀點，不過這些小說仍然多以民間信仰習俗觀點出發為主，涵攝其他宗教為輔。這些作品無論在主題的選取、修辭手法與情節模式的安排，或者關懷的議題層面，都有極高的相似度。由於這些作家的出生年代約從一九四五至一九六○年間，又這些小說的出版年代都在一九九○年以後發表，不禁令人疑問，這系列作品的大量出現與相似的手法運用，是作家的默契巧合抑或隱含對某種潮流的呼應？
一九九○年後相關書寫的小說內涵主要可分兩大向度：一方面明顯地處理根本的生命本能所遭遇的問題，例如針對信仰與情慾、善惡的問題加以省思外；一方面就臺灣民間信仰天神地衹人鬼，儀式，結合地方文化等特殊性，作為某種重構臺灣歷史或地方史的途徑之一。無論作品的書名，民間信仰素材的介入形式，或時空場景的設計，可以發現作家們似乎有意以另一種角度建構臺灣史並訴說他們的「認同根源」。小說中類似的特色包含大量男性的消亡，女性與女神的地位提昇，信仰的心靈層次與身體情慾需求的交織不斷展演，以及作家書寫共同主題或神明的同時，各自取決的不同重點。
由於該主題研究尚且不多，似乎還沒有最完整與最適切的研究方法，因而本文主要依照各章內容與探討的問題之所需，尋求相關方法，例如借用佛洛伊德、榮格心理學分析、卡蘿•皮爾森的人格典型分析等論述，嘗試理解小說人物行為的意義；並借用女性主義相關理論，觀察小說男性消亡、女性相對而存在的可能意涵。
結論部份，針對緒論與各章提出並嘗試爬梳、解決的問題，加以歸納，並且從小說書寫的「相/不同」神衹，尋找各自意義。最後根據每位作家在作品反映的關懷指向，發現這批一九九○以降的小說共同表現的精神：也就是書寫走向策略化，同時受到「臺灣性」論述的影響，並且各自依照自我的成長背景和認知的臺灣代表性與民俗信仰，爭取發聲機會，喚醒類似境遇的讀者之共同記憶，以及找到自己的某種定位。
關鍵詞：
民間信仰書寫；蕭麗紅；阮慶岳；施叔青；李昂；陳玉慧；黃凡The writing techniques and characters of six authors among eight novels (all of which involve the topic of folk beliefs) are discussed in this paper. Some novels involved in the research mention about the Buddhism and Christianity briefly but their main focus is on the folk belief of the ‘漢人’and the religious belief in the story are therefore based on the folk traditions still. The novels selected have similar ways of approach regarding the choices of focus points; layout of story lines and use of phrasing. Since all the authors were born in between 1945 and 1960 and the novels were all published after 1990, it makes one wonder whether the similarities between these novels are simply coincidences or actually reflects on trends of society at the time? The novels published after 1990 can be divided into two categories: One deal with the problems an individual is likely to encounter during her/his life e.g. beliefs, recognitions, sexuality etc whilst the other rebuilds the history of Taiwan by combining the Taiwanese folk beliefs on deity, ghost, ceremonies and local cultures. Looking at the titles of the novels; the way the folk beliefs are integrated into the stories and the design of the space and time; it gives the impression that the authors are trying to address their ‘common roots’ on restructuring the history of Taiwan from another perspective. The common characters of the novels include collapses of male powers and the rise of goddess and female status; the belief in the soul level in contrast to physical passions. The authors also try to send out different messages through the stories according to their own beliefs. The conclusion draws together the questions encountered from each chapters and attempt in resolving them; It uncovers the meaning of each 「same/different」gods in novels and drew an assumption based on the characters of these novels that they all represent and reflect the writing style of novel are moving towards tactical. The novels are deeply influenced by “The character of Taiwan” which comprise the culture and folk beliefs, strives for the opportunities to be heard and recognitions in similar experiences from the readers in finding their own status in the society.i
目 錄
口試委員會審定書…………………………………………………
誌謝辭…………………………………………………………………… iv
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………… v
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………. vi
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………………… 1
第二節 文學與「民間/宗教信仰」……………………………………3
第三節 文本範籌界定、研究架構與方法……………………………6
第四節 文獻回顧……………………………………………………12
第二章 「一」化的寓言：蕭麗紅《白水湖春夢》(1996)…………………………………17
第一節 「紀實/虛構？」的烏托邦……………………………………18
第二節 出世或入世？………………………………………………… 20
第三節 導入與接受──關於情感與女性課題……………………… 22
(一)傳道者「法海」附身？……………………………………………22
(二)聞法者的反應層次…………………………………………………24
(三)白素貞的再「物化」…………………………………………26
第四節 小結：「一」化背後的焦慮……………………………………27
第三章 找尋「中心」：阮慶岳「東湖三部曲」(2003.6─2006)…………29
第一節 前言………………………………… … … … … … … … 2 9
第二節 天秤兩端………………………………………………30
( 一) 愛與信仰的對話： 淑美/ 伯漢… … … … … … … … … … … 3 0
(二)善惡是非辯證………………………………………………33
(三)主體何在？──國良的靈與體…………………………………37
第三節 死與生的對話……………………………………………39
(一)死亡人物精神與意義……………………………………………39
(二)終結的指向………………………………………………………… 48
第四節 介於迷與渡：母性/女神互涉…………………………………51
(一) 「王母娘娘」的神格意義……………………………………51
(二)以母之名：林秀子/鍾美滿 …………………………………53
第五節 「個人/社會」的信仰心理 ……………………………59
ii
(一)迷信與虔信之間………………………………………………59
(二)多重勢力之滲透………………………………………………62
第四章 出走與救贖：施叔青《行過洛津》(2003.10) ……………64
第一節 民俗百科全紀錄…………………………………………64
第二節 集體經驗的再現 …………………………………………66
(一)地理的遷徙過渡………………………………………………66
(二)從傀儡身體出走………………………………………………68
(三)從理性/正常出走………………………………………………70
(四)從禮教出走………………………………………………………72
第三節 作為契機或感官附屬的民間信仰…………………………73
(一)精神的安放………………………………………………………73
(二)民情表現…………………………………………………………74
第四節 小結：聲色過後………………………………………………78
第五章 信仰做為一種策略：李昂《看得見的鬼》(2004.1) …………81
第一節 前言…………………………………………………………81
第二節 顛覆中心秩序……………………………………………82
(一)失身→屍身→鹽身→金身：頂番婆的鬼……………………82
(二)走出心靈怒火：會旅行的鬼…………………………………83
(三)重說林投姊……………………………………………………85
(四)小結：社會性別之囿限與引導………………………………86
第三節 「愉悅/逾越」隱含的焦慮………………………………89
(一)狂言與穢言/諱言………………………………………………89
(二)追求逾越或愉悅？……………………………………………90
(三)恐懼與焦慮作為推手…………………………………………91
第四節 小城故事多：信仰意味史觀……………………………92
第五節 小結………………………………………………………95
第六章 媽祖與政治互涉：陳玉慧《海神家族》(2004.10)…………97
第一節 前言…………………………………………………………97
第二節 爲什麼是「海神」家主/家族？……………………………98
第三節 海島的出與入………………………………………………100
(一)流浪者意識………………………………………………………101
(二)生根於臺的深層意味…………………………………………106
第四節 小結：政治信念轉向民間信仰？………………………………111
第七章 天賦人權/人僭神權？──黃凡《大學之賊》(2004.10)…114
第一節 當「學術」遇上「民間信仰」…………………………114
第二節 假面知識內含的恐懼……………………………………115
(一)上下交相賊……………………………………………………115
(二)「妖魔」自在人心……………………………………………117
iii
第三節 「寶光堂」與「先天教」的象徵與意涵………………118
(一)照妖鏡或媒介？………………………………………………119
(二)誰收編了誰？──信徒的態度………………………………120
(三)從可凡入了凡的偽捷徑………………………………………123
第四節 結語──大學之賊………………………………………124
第八章 結論……………………………………………………………125
第一節 作品內涵總論……………………………………………125
(一)男性缺席的指涉………………………………………………125
(二)小說中「神衹」的代表性……………………………………131
(三)儀典之必要：雜揉信仰與情慾書寫之必要？………………135
第二節 作者的終極關懷與信仰的切入姿態………………………136
(一)作家關懷指向…………………………………………………136
(二)排解途徑與信仰的角色扮演…………………………………139
1 策略化書寫………………………………………………………140
2「臺灣性」的思維影響…………………………………………140
3「認異」以「求同」……………………………………………142
第三節 結語………………………………………………………144
參考文獻……………………………………………………………14
Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter Exposure in Mail Carriers and the Short-Term Effects on Cardiovascular Function
No full text目的：本研究從人體暴露的角度考慮，探討環境中大氣懸浮微粒的特性及其對人體健康的影響，包括：(1) 懸浮微粒的粒徑分布及成分；(2) 懸浮微粒的暴露來源；以及(3) 懸浮微粒的成分與來源對心血管功能的影響。法：本追蹤研究(Panel study)於台北縣新莊郵局徵募18位郵務人員為受試者。微粒採樣方面，每位受試者於外出投遞郵件的時段配戴一台微粒採樣器，展開為期五至六個工作天的個人懸浮微粒暴露採樣。另外，我們在新莊超級測站裝置一台同型的微粒採樣器，其採樣時段與個人暴露採樣時段同步。該微粒採樣器可將採集之懸浮微粒按照粒徑大小區分為五個階層(A層：>2.5 µm； B層：1.0-2.5 µm； C層：0.50-1.0 µm； D層：0.25- 0.50 µm；E層：< 0.25 µm)。健康指標量測方面，每位受試者於每天外出投遞時段接受心率監測，並且於星期一、四和五外出前及回來後分別接受血管特性量測。元素化學分析方面，我們利用微波消化以及感應偶合電漿質譜(ICP-MS)技術進行懸浮微粒微量元素成分分析。資料分析使用的數據方面，我們使用受試者外出投遞時段的懸浮微粒成分濃度與投遞結束後量測的心跳速率(HR)、五項心率變異性指標[HRV:正常心律間隔標準差(SDNN)、正常心律間隔差值均方根(r-MSSD)、高頻功率(HF)、低頻功率(LF)以及低頻功率：高頻功率比率(LF/HF)]及心-踝血管指數(CAVI)進行資料分析。資料分析方法方面，我們使用絕對主成分方法(APCA)來分析懸浮微粒汙染源的種類且量化污染源對懸浮微粒的貢獻度。接著，使用混合回歸模式(MERM)來評估懸浮微粒成分及來源對心血管功能的影響。果：絕對主成分分析結果指出，PM1.0-2.5的主要來源包括城市灰塵(urban dust)、車輛廢氣(vehicle exhaust)及煞車磨損(brake wear)等汙染源，其中城市灰塵對PM1.0-2.5質量濃度貢獻度達66.1 %；PM0.25的主要來源包括工業(industrial processing)及車輛廢氣(vehicle exhaust)等汙染源，其中工業對PM0.25質量濃度貢獻度達43.4 %。此外，交通相關之燃燒源(車輛廢氣)及非燃燒源(煞車磨損)對PM1.0-2.5的貢獻度相當(各佔約13 %)。混合回歸模式結果顯示，在校正其他因子後，每增加一四分位距(IQR; 1.9 μg/m3)來自車輛廢氣之PM1.0-2.5濃度，會導致郵差之心-踝血管指數上升2.84 % (95 %信賴區間, 1.37－4.39 %)；每增加一四分位距(1.4 μg/m3)來自煞車磨損之PM1.0-2.5濃度，會導致郵差之正常心律間隔標準差下降11.60 % (95 %信賴區間, -19.68－-2.70 %)；以及每增加一四分位距(10.9 μg/m3)來自工業活動之PM0.2.5濃度，會導致郵差之正常心律間隔標準差下降10.36 % (95 %信賴區間, -27.97－-1.67 %)。我們也發現來自煞車磨損之PM1.0-2.5濃度與心跳速率呈現正相關的趨勢；來自車輛廢氣之PM1.0-2.5濃度與低頻功率：高頻功率比率呈現正相關的趨勢。論：城市灰塵及工業是台北縣新莊市重要的懸浮微粒來源，而且交通(包括燃燒性及非燃燒性)及工業相關活動所排放之懸浮微粒會對健康受試者的心血管功能造成急性的不良影響。政府應制定相關管制策略來規範這些重要懸浮微粒污染源的排放。我們建議郵務人員於室外空氣污染嚴重時段(例如交通尖峰時段)儘量避免外出，或是避免在高交通流量地區從事一般性活動或郵件投遞工作。我們也發現不同的懸浮微粒成分會導致不同程度的心血管健康風險，因此直接使用懸浮微粒的總質量來評估懸浮微粒的心血管急性效應，可能無法真實反映懸浮微粒的組成分對心血管功能的影響程度。Objectives: This study is intended to provide the scientific information, in aspect of personal exposure, on exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) and its components, possible sources contributed to them, and their associations with short-term cardiovascular effects.ethods: This panel study was conducted in Sin-Jhuang city, Taipei County, Taiwan. Eighteen mail carriers were recruited from the Sin-Jhuang Post Office. Each subject’s personal PM exposure and ambient PM concentrations were measured during working hours from Monday to Friday (or Saturday). PM samples were collected using a personal sampler, which classifies PM into five size ranges [>2.5 (A), 1.0-2.5 (B), 0.50-1.0 (C), 0.25- 0.50 (D), and < 0.25 (E) µm]. Heart rate variability (HRV) was monitored during working hours from Monday to Friday, and cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was measured before and after working hours on Monday, Thursday, and Friday. Particle filters were digested in a microwave digestion system and the elemental concentrations were determined using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique. The concentration of 21 elements, the right-side CAVI (r-CAVI), the heart rate (HR), and the 5-min segment of HRV data (SDNN, r-MSSD, HF, LF, and LF/HF) recorded immediately after the PM sampling session were used for data analysis. Absolute principal component analysis (APCA) was applied to PM elemental concentrations to identify sources and then quantify the source contributions. Mixed-effects regression model (MERM) was used to assess potential associations between source-specific PM and cardiovascular end points.esults: Three significant PM1.0-2.5 source factors (urban dust, vehicle exhaust, and brake wear) and two significant PM0.25 source factors (industrial processing and vehicle exhaust) were identified. The urban dust source accounted for the majority of PM1.0-2.5 mass (66.1 %); the largest contributor to PM0.25 mass was industrial processing (43.4 %). We also found that traffic-derived combustion (vehicle exhaust) and noncombustion (brake wear) sources had equal contribution to PM1.0-2.5 in urban areas. In the health analysis, controlling for the covariates, an interquartile range (IQR; 1.9 μg/m3) increase in PM1.0-2.5 from vehicle exhaust accounted for a 2.84 % increase in CAVI [95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.37－4.39 %]; an IQR (1.4 μg/m3) increase in PM1.0-2.5 from brake wear accounted for a 11.60 % decrease in SDNN (CI, -19.68－-2.70 %); and an IQR (10.9 μg/m3) increase in PM0.25 from industrial processing accounted for a 10.36 % decrease in SDNN (CI, -27.97－-1.67 %). We also observed that PM1.0-2.5 attributable to brake wear was positively associated with heart rate, and PM1.0-2.5 attributable to vehicle exhaust had positive association with LF/HF.onclusions: Our findings indicate that urban dust and industrial sources are particularly important in Sin-Jhuang and suggest that PM derived from traffic (both combustion and noncombustion included) - and industrial-related sources probably trigger adverse cardiovascular effects in healthy subjects. The government should initiate pollution control strategies to reduce these urban PM emissions. We also suggest that mail carriers should stay indoors when air pollution levels are high (e.g., peak hours) or avoid all activity or working near high-traffic areas. In addition, we found that cardiovascular risks may vary among different PM components. Thus, using PM mass as exposure metrics may bias the health estimates of some of its specific components.謝辭 ii要 ivbstract viiontents ixist of Tables xiist of Figures xiiHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERALL STUDY OBJECTIVES 1.2 BACKGROUNDS 5.2.1 Urban air pollution 5.2.2 Particulate pollution and cardiovascular health 15.3 CHAPTER ORGANIZATION OF STUDY 20HAPTER 2 PM SOURCE APPORTIONMENT 27.1 INTRODUCTION 27.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 28.2.1 Human subject selection 28.2.2 Sampling area description 28.2.3 PM sampling campaign 29.2.4 Gravimetric analysis 31.2.5 Elemental analysis 31.2.6 Data processing and calculations 38.2.7 Data analysis 40.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44.3.1 Quality control 44.3.2 Sampling condition 47.3.3 Study subjects 48.3.4 Urban PM mass 48.3.5 Urban PM metals 49.3.6 Source identification 53.3.7 Source contribution 58.4 CONCLUSIONS 61HAPTER 3 SHORT-TERM EFFECTS ON CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION 93.1 INTRODUCTION 93.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 94.2.1 Study subject 94.2.2 PM sampling campaign 94.2.3 Health measurement 95.2.4 Gravimetric analysis 96.2.5 Elemental analysis 97.2.6 Data analysis 98.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 102.3.1 Quality control 102.3.2 Study subjects and their health outcomes 103.3.3 Source apportionment 104.3.4 Associations of short-term CAVI changes with PM components and sources 105.3.5 Associations of short-term HR changes with PM components and sources 107.3.6 Associations of short-term HRV changes with PM components and sources 107.4 CONCLUSIONS 113HAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS 122.1 OVERALL FINDINGS 122.2 LIMITATIONS 125.3 SUGGESTIONS 127eferences 129PPENDIXES 144ppendix A. Operating procedure of ICP-MS 144ppendix B. Sensitivity analysis of PM1.0-2.5 data 147ppendix C. Sensitivity analysis of PM0.25 data 148ppendix D. The percent change estimates (%) of CAVI per IQR change of PM component concentrations by particle size fraction and sample type. 149ppendix E. The percent change estimates (%) of HR per IQR change of PM component concentrations by particle size fraction and sample type. 150ppendix F. The percent change estimates (%) of SDNN per IQR change of PM component concentrations by particle size fraction and sample type. 151ppendix G. The percent change estimates (%) of r-MSSD per IQR change of PM component concentrations by particle size fraction and sample type. 152ppendix H. The percent change estimates (%) of HF per IQR change of PM component concentrations by particle size fraction and sample type. 153ppendix I. The percent change estimates (%) of LF per IQR change of PM component concentrations by particle size fraction and sample type. 154ppendix J. The percent change estimates (%) of LF/HF per IQR change of PM component concentrations by particle size fraction and sample type. 155ppendix K. The percent change estimates (%) of CAVI per IQR change of PM mass source contributions. 156ppendix L. The percent change estimates (%) of HR per IQR change of PM mass source contributions. 157ppendix M. The percent change estimates (%) of SDNN per IQR change of PM mass source contributions. 158ppendix N. The percent change estimates (%) of r-MSSD per IQR change of PM mass source contributions. 159ppendix O. The percent change estimates (%) of HF per IQR change of PM mass source contributions. 160ppendix P. The percent change estimates (%) of LF per IQR change of PM mass source contributions. 161ppendix Q. The percent change estimates (%) of LF/HF per IQR change of PM mass source contributions. 16
The Study on the Application Guideline of R/W of LRT/Pedestrian Mall－Case Study of XinYi LRT System
No full text本研究從輕軌規劃者立場，探討「輕軌行人徒步區（LRT/Pedestrian Mall）」之路權型式未來在國內輕軌系統中採用時所可能產生的本土化課題，訂定國內輕軌行人徒步區路權設置準則。設置準則的基本架構，從設置地點基本資料收集開始，依序為「都市空間型態分析」、「道路幾何條件評估」、「交通條件評估」和「交通安全改善方式」等項目。透過信義輕軌之實例應用，經過松壽路與信義路間之松智路輕軌路段深具發展輕軌行人徒步區之潛力。其都市空間型態分析結果適合；道路幾何條件上則採用本研究所定義的標準型輕軌行人徒步區；交通條件上，一般交通條件評估結果皆適合，交通衝擊模擬分析結果顯示，採用輕軌行人徒步區路權後輕軌和路網績效都會降低，但當模擬路網的總旅次降低30%以上，整體路網的營運績效將獲得明顯的改善。交通安全改善方式，針對輕軌行人徒步區內的衝突類型提出安全設施措施的改善建議。最後，研究結果建議信義輕軌可採用輕軌行人徒步區路權。This study is from the LRT system planner angle to confer what kinds of local challenges will be taken placed if the R/W of “LRT/Pedestrian Mall” was introduced into the domestic LRT system in the future, and to set up the application guidelines of LRT/Pedestrian Mall. The basic structure of application guidelines is starting with the “data collection”, the ”analysis of urban space type”, “evaluation of road geometry condition ”, “evaluation of traffic condition”, and the “improvement ways of traffic safety”. In the case study of XinYi LRT system, the section of LRT line passed through the SongZi Rd. is the potential place. The analysis result of its urban space type is suitable, and the evaluation of road geometry condition is fitted to use the standard LRT/Pedestrian Mall. In the traffic condition, the evaluation result of general traffic condition is suitable, and the result of traffic impact simulation analysis shows that the performance of LRT and network will decrease after using the LRT/Pedestrian Mall. But when the total trips on the simulation network descend to 30% or more, the performance will get obvious improved. The improvement of traffic safety is to suggest improvement facilities and measurements according local conflicts types occurred in the LRT/Pedestrian Mall. Finally, the research result shows that it is feasible to introduce the LRT/Pedestrian Mall into the XinYi LRT system.第一章 緒論...........................................1
1.1研究動機...........................................1
1.2研究目的...........................................2
1.3研究內容...........................................2
1.4研究範圍...........................................3
1.5研究方法...........................................4
1.6研究流程...........................................5
第二章 文獻回顧.......................................7
2.1 輕軌運輸系統......................................7
2.1.1 輕軌運輸系統之定義..............................7
2.1.2 輕軌路權型式 ....................................9
2.1.3 輕軌路權型式選擇................................12
2.2 行人徒步區........................................14
2.2.1 行人徒步區之定義................................14
2.2.2 行人徒步區與都市發展的關係......................15
2.2.3 行人徒步區的規劃原理............................17
2.2.4 行人徒步區的設置流程............................19
2.3 大眾運輸徒步區 ....................................21
2.4 輕軌行人徒步區....................................23
2.4.1 輕軌行人徒步區的演變過程........................23
2.4.2 輕軌行人徒步區之定義............................26
2.4.3 輕軌行人徒步區的應用情形........................26
2.5 輕軌運行績效之評估................................33
2.6 小結..............................................35
第三章 輕軌行人徒步區路權特性與本土化課題分析.........36
3.1 輕軌行人徒步區路權特性............................36
3.2 本土化課題分析....................................38
3.3 設置地點課題......................................39
3.3.1國外設置地點類型.................................39
3.3.2國內可能的設置地點...............................44
3.4道路工程課題.......................................45
3.4.1道路配置情形.....................................46
3.4.2 路權寬度........................................48
3.4.3 街廓長度........................................52
3.4.4 線形設計-轉彎半徑...............................53
3.4.5 線形設計-縱坡度.................................53
3.4.6 斷面設計-淨高...................................54
3.4.7 斷面設計-淨寬...................................54
3.4.8 速限............................................55
3.4.9 道路工程設施....................................55
3.4.10小結............................................62
3.5交通工程課題.......................................64
3.5.1 徒步區範圍-輕軌運輸管制方式.....................64
3.5.2徒步區範圍-車站乘客管制..........................69
3.5.3徒步區範圍-路段行人管制方式......................70
3.5.4 徒步區範圍-車輛交通管制方式.....................71
3.5.5 徒步區周圍路網-交通衝擊與配套措施...............73
3.6 交通安全課題......................................76
3.6.1類型1－行人與輕軌之衝突..........................76
3.6.2類型2－車輛與輕軌之衝突..........................83
3.7輕軌行人徒步區路權設置準則初探.....................84
第四章 輕軌行人徒步區路權設置準則建立.................86
4.1路權設置準則的適用之處.............................86
4.2路權設置準則的考量因素.............................86
4.2.1都市空間型態.....................................87
4.2.2道路幾何條件.....................................88
4.2.3交通條件.........................................93
4.2.4交通安全改善方式.................................93
4.2.5小結 .............................................94
4.3 路權設置準則基本架構..............................95
4.4 交通衝擊模擬分析介紹..............................96
4.4.1 模擬分析流程....................................96
4.4.2 績效評估指標....................................97
第五章 實例應用分析...................................98
5.1信義輕軌計畫.......................................98
5.1.1計畫源起.........................................98
5.1.2評選基礎路網.....................................99
5.2 設置地點基本資料蒐集.............................101
5.3 都市空間型態分析.................................104
5.4 道路幾何條件評估.................................105
5.5 交通條件評估.....................................107
第六章 交通衝擊模擬分析..............................108
6.1 微觀車流模擬軟體VISSIM...........................108
6.1.1 VISSIM模擬程式之車流理論.......................109
6.1.2號誌控制模式....................................112
6.1.3模擬程式之結果確認與驗證........................112
6.2 模擬情境說明.....................................113
6.3 模擬路網建立.....................................114
6.3.1道路幾何資料....................................114
6.3.2號誌時制計畫....................................115
6.3.3交通量資料......................................120
6.4 模擬參數設定.....................................124
6.5 模擬結果分析.....................................127
6.5.1整體路網績效....................................127
6.5.2 輕軌運行績效...................................128
6.5.3 綜合分析.......................................131
6.6 交通安全改善方式.................................132
6.7 路權設置準則之評估結果...........................134
第七章 結論與建議....................................135
7.1結論..............................................135
7.2建議..............................................137
參考文獻.............................................138
附錄.................................................
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
FIGURES 16–21 in New Neanurinae (Collembola: Neanuridae) from Central China
No full textFIGURES 16–21. Lobellina hunanensis sp. nov. 16, Mandible. 17, Maxilla. 18, Labium. 19, Antenna. 20, Hind leg. 21, Ventral chaetotaxy of abdomen (16–18, 20µm; 19, 30µm; 20, 50µm; 21, 100µm).Published as part of Wan, Ya-Ru, Wang, Wen-Bin & Jiang, Jigang, 2016, New Neanurinae (Collembola: Neanuridae) from Central China, pp. 183-196 in Zootaxa 4139 (2) on page 193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/27201
Associations between Air Pollution, Open Space and Chronic Kidney Disease
No full text環境流行病學研究已證實空氣污染物，尤其是大氣微粒物質，與心血管疾病之罹病率與死亡率相關，開放空間也與肥胖、過重與壽命等健康效應相關，但針對空氣污染與開放空間對於腎功能的影響之研究仍有限，因此本研究旨在探討空氣汙染長期暴露及距離開放空間之遠近對於慢性腎臟疾病之關係。本研究研究對象居住於新北市人口密度大於兩萬人/平方公里的行政區，包含永和區、蘆洲區、板橋區、三重區、中和區與新莊區等六個行政區，利用研究對象之地址進行地理編碼，進一步套入2009年建立之土地利用回歸模式估計其長期空氣污染物暴露濃度，並利用ArcGIS 10.1計算研究對象距離住家最近開放空間之距離，本研究定義開放空間為學校以及休憩空間，研究對象參與新北市2007至2009年整合式健康篩檢資料，取得了研究對象之個人資料、血液與尿液等健康檢查資料，利用血液肌酸酐、年齡、性別與Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation、Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation、MDRD-Japan、CKD-EPI-Japan、IDMS-MDRD-Taiwan及CKD-EPI-Taiwan等六個定義估計出研究對象的腎絲球過濾率，並以小於60 ml/min/1.73m2定義為罹患慢性腎臟病，此外亦以ICD-9 CM code (250.4*, 274.1*, 283.11, 403.*1, 404.*2, 404.*3, 440.1, 442.1, 447.3, 572.4, 580-588, 642.1*, 646.2*)疾病診斷碼定義慢性腎臟病，本研究之健康效應也將發炎指標數量、尿蛋白與早期慢性腎臟病等納入分析。統計模式採用一般線性模式與邏輯斯回歸模式，並校正年齡、性別、空腹血糖、抽菸狀態、高血壓及過重。研究共納入30-97歲21,656位成人，女性比男性約為2：1，模式結果發現在一年長期空氣污染暴露方面，PM10、PMCoarse及NOx與估計的腎絲球過濾率下降及罹患慢性腎臟病之危險勝算比顯著相關，以CKD-EPI-Taiwan公式為例，每上升10μg/m3之PM10，腎絲球過濾率約下降1.0 (95% CI：0.6-1.3) ml/min/1.73m2，罹患慢性腎臟病之危險勝算比(Odds Ratio)約增為1.1 (95% CI：1.0-1.3)倍，每上升5μg/m3之PMCoarse，腎絲球過濾率約下降0.7 (95% CI：0.5-0.9) ml/min/1.73m2，危險勝算比約增為1.1 (95% CI：1.0-1.2)倍，65歲以上每上升20μg/m3之NOx，腎絲球過濾率約下降0.7 (95% CI：0.2-1.2)ml/min/1.73m2；發炎指標數量與PM2.5、PM2.5Absorbance及NOx濃度呈正相關，每上升5 μg/m3的PM2.5，白血球約上升0.03 (95% CI：0.005-0.05) 103/μL，每上升1 10-5m-1的PM2.5Absorbance，白血球約上升0.07 (95% CI：0.02-0.1)103/μL，每上升20 μg/m3的NOx，白血球約上升0.29 (95% CI：0.003-0.05) 103/μL，血小板約上升0.1 (95% CI：0.2-2.2) 103/μL；罹患尿蛋白之風險與PM2.5及PM2.5Absorbance濃度相關，每上升5 μg/m3的PM2.5，尿蛋白危險勝算比增為1.2 (95% CI：1.1-1.4)倍，每上升1 10-5m-1的PM2.5Absorbance，尿蛋白危險勝算比增為1.8 (95% CI：1.3-2.5)倍；是否罹患早期慢性腎臟病之風險亦與PM2.5及PM2.5Absorbance濃度相關，每增加5 μg/m3之PM2.5，其危險勝算比約增為1.3 (95% CI：1.1-1.5)倍，每增加1 10-5m-1之PM2.5Absorbance，其危險勝算比約增為1.8 (95% CI：1.2-2.8)倍。在距離開放空間方面，在65歲以上的老年人中，距離開放空間之遠近與腎絲球過濾率的下降及罹患慢性腎臟病的風險相關，以CKD-EPI-Taiwan公式為例，距離開放空間每增加100公尺，其腎絲球過濾率顯著下降0.6 (95% CI：0.1-1.1) ml/min/1.73m2，慢性腎臟病危險勝算比增加1.1 (95% CI：1.0-1.2)倍；發炎指標數量、過重及肥胖的風險、是否罹患尿蛋白與是否罹患早期慢性腎臟病皆與距離開放空間之遠近無關。本研究得以下之結論：在35歲以上成人發現長期空氣汙染物(PM2.5、PM2.5Absorbance、PM10、PMCoarse與NOx)濃度上升與腎功能惡化有關，在65歲以上老年人亦發現住家距離開放空間愈遠與腎絲球過濾率下降和慢性腎臟病風險上升有關。Epidemiology studies have confirmed the association between air pollutions, especially particulate matters (PM), and morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases. And several studies also found open space was associated with overweight, obesity and longevity. Yet, studies on the associations between air pollution, open space and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are still limited. The objective of the study was to investigate the associations between air pollution, open space, renal function, and CKD for adults in Taipei, Taiwan. Study subjects of this study were adults living in the metropolitan areas in New Taipei City in 2007-2009 and participated in the government-sponsored integrated health screening program. Health outcomes included estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), CKD, inflammatory markers, proteinuria and early stage of CKD. eGFR was calculated by serum creatinine, age and gender through equations of Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation, MDRD-Japan、CKD-EPI-Japan, IDMS-MDRD-Taiwan, CKD-EPI-Taiwan. CKD was defined by eGFR lower than 60 ml/min/1.73m2 or 250.4*, 274.1*, 283.11, 403.*1, 404.*2, 404.*3, 440.1, 442.1, 447.3, 572.4, 580-588, 642.1*, 646.2* in ICD-9 CM Code. Exposure variables were included air pollutions and open space. The individual exposures of air pollution were estimated by land use regression models for PM2.5, PM2.5Absorbance, PM10, PMCoarse, NO2 and NOx. Schools, recreation areas and parks were defined as open space. We applied generalized linear model (GLM) and logistic regression to estimate the associations between exposures and outcomes, adjusting for confounders of age, gender, fasting blood glucose, smoking, hypertension and overweight. The age of 21,656 subjects were 30-97, and the female to male ratio was approximately 2:1 in this study. We found increased long-term exposure of PM10, PMCoarse and NOx were associated with decreased eGFR and increased odds ratio of CKD. Using CKD-EPI-Taiwan as an example, a 10μg/m3 of PM10 increased was associated with 1.0 (95% CI：0.6-1.3) ml/min/1.73m2 decreased in eGFR and an odds ratio (OR) 1.1 (95% CI：1.0-1.3) of CKD. A 5μg/m3 of PMCoarse increased was associated with 0.7 (95% CI：0.5-0.9) ml/min/1.73m2 decreased in eGFR and an OR 1.1 (95% CI：1.0-1.2) of CKD. A 20μg/m3 of NOx increased was associated with 0.7 (95% CI：0.2-1.2) ml/min/1.73m2 decreased in eGFR for elderly who aged above 65. A 5μg/m3 of PM2.5 increased was associated with 0.03 (95% CI：0.005-0.05) 103/mL increased in WBC, an OR 1.2 (95% CI：1.1-1.4) of proteinuria and an OR 1.3 (95% CI：1.1-1.5) of early stage of CKD. A 10-5m-1 of PM2.5Absorbance increased was associated with 0.07 (95% CI：0.02-0.1) 103/mL increased in WBC, an OR 1.8 (95% CI：1.3-2.5) of proteinuria and an OR 1.8 (95% CI：1.2-2.8) of early stage of CKD. We also found increasing distance to open space among elderly who aged above 65 was associated with 0.6 (95% CI：0.1-1.1) ml/min/1.73m2 decreased in eGFR and an OR 1.1 (95% CI：1.0-1.2) of CKD. We concluded that PM (PM2.5, PM2.5Absorbance, PM10 and PMCoarse) and NOx were all associated with deterioration of renal function for adults above 30 years old. Increasing distance to open space among adults aged above 65 was associated with decreased eGFR and increased risk of chronic kidney disease
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