2,067 research outputs found
An SMT Encoding of LLVM’s Memory Model for Bounded Translation Validation
No full text© 2021, The Author(s).Several automatic verification tools have been recently developed to verify subsets of LLVMs optimizations. However, none of these tools has robust support to verify memory optimizations. In this paper, we present the first SMT encoding of LLVMs memory model that 1) is sufficiently precise to validate all of LLVMs intra-procedural memory optimizations, and 2) enables bounded translation validation of programs with up to hundreds of thousands of lines of code. We implemented our new encoding in Alive2, a bounded translation validation tool, and used it to uncover 21 new bugs in LLVM memory optimizations, 10 of which have been already fixed. We also found several inconsistencies in LLVM IRs official specification document (LangRef) and fixed LLVMs code and the document so they are in agreement.Y
Rôle de la GTPase RhoB dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN induits par la camptothécine
No full textRhoB est une GTPase impliquée dans diverses fonctions intracellulaires comme l'organisation du cytosquelette. En plus de ses rôles bien établis, RhoB a récemment émergé comme un gène de réponse précoce aux dommages à l'ADN. RhoB est surexprimée et activée en réponse à divers génotoxiques bien que les mécanismes d'induction et la relevance fonctionnelle de cette induction restent mal compris. RhoB possède également des propriétés de suppresseur de tumeurs. Son expression diminue lors de la progression tumorale et la perte de RhoB favorise la prolifération cellulaire et l'invasion. Pour étudier le rôle de RhoB dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN et son implication potentielle dans la progression tumorale, nous avons utilisé la camptothécine (CPT), un inhibiteur sélectif de la topoisomérase I qui produit des cassures double-brin (DSBs) de l'ADN. Nous montrons que, dans les cellules traitées par la CPT, les DSBs induisent l'expression de RhoB par un mécanisme qui dépend de Chk2 et de son substrat HuR qui se lie à l'ARNm de RhoB et prévient sa dégradation. Des cellules déficientes en RhoB présentent un défaut de déphosphorylation de gamma-H2AX après le retrait de la CPT, suggérant un défaut de réparation des DSBs. Ces cellules présentent également une diminution de l'activité de PP2A, une phosphatase pour gamma-H2AX et d'autres protéines de la signalisation et de la réparation des dommages à l'ADN. Nous proposons que les DSBs activent une voie Chk2-HuR-RhoB qui favorise la déphosphorylation de gamma-H2AX par PP2A. Enfin, nous montrons que les cellules déficientes en RhoB accumulent du gamma-H2AX endogène et des anomalies chromosomiques, suggérant que la perte de RhoB augmente l'instabilité génomique induite par les DSBs et la progression tumorale.RhoB is a GTPase implicated in various intracellular functions such as cytoskeletal organization. Besides its well-established roles, RhoB recently emerged as an early DNA damage-inducible gene. RhoB is overexpressed and activated in response to various genotoxics although the mechanism of induction and functional relevance remain unclear. RhoB also possesses tumor suppressor properties. Its expression decreases during tumor progression and loss of RhoB promotes cell proliferation and invasion. To study the role of RhoB in the DNA damage response and its potential implication in tumor progression, we used camptothecin (CPT), a selective inhibitor of topoisomerase I that produces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). We show that, in CPT-treated cells, DSBs induce RhoB expression by a mechanism that depends on Chk2 and its substrate HuR that binds to and protects RhoB mRNA against degradation. RhoB deficient cells fail to dephosphorylate gamma-H2AX following CPT removal suggesting defective DSB repair. These cells also show decreased activity of PP2A, a phosphatase for gamma-H2AX and other DNA damage signaling and repair proteins. We propose that DSBs activate a Chk2-HuR-RhoB pathway that promotes PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of gamma-H2AX. Finally, we show that RhoB deficient cells accumulate endogenous gamma-H2AX and chromosomal abnormalities, suggesting that RhoB loss increases DSB-mediated genomic instability and tumor progression
Chariot race, or, Ben Hur march [music] /
No full textCover title.; "Respectfully inscribed to Gen. Lew Wallace, author of Ben Hur."; Played by Sousa's Band.; "Author of Charge of the Light Brigade, Napoleon's last charge Four horsemen of the apocalypse, March, etc". -- Cover.; Also available online http://nla.gov.au/nla.mus-an5299960; MUS: N, - ; A, MUS/E89/115 ; N/A, -.Ben Hur marc
Chariot race, or, Ben Hur march [music] /
No full textCover title.; "Respectfully inscribed to Gen. Lew Wallace, author of Ben Hur."; Played by Sousa's Band.; "Author of Charge of the Light Brigade, Napoleon's last charge Four horsemen of the apocalypse, March, etc"--Cover.; Also available online http://nla.gov.au/nla.mus-vn2828541.Ben Hur marc
HuR Knockdown Changes the Oncogenic Potential of Oral Cancer Cells
No full textHuR binds to AU-rich element (ARE) containing mRNA to protect them from rapid degradation. Here, we show that knockdown of HuR changes the oncogenic properties of oral cancer cells. Oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, HSC-3 and Ca9.22, which express HuR protein and cytoplasmic ARE-mRNA more abundantly than normal cells, were subjected to HuR knockdown. In the HuR-knockdown cancer cells, the cytoplasmic expression of c-fos, c-myc, and COX-2 mRNAs was inhibited compared to those in cells that had been transfected with a control siRNA, and the half-lives of these mRNAs were shorter than those of their counterparts in the control cells. HuR-knockdown cells failed to make colonies in soft agar, suggesting that the cells had lost their ability for anchorage-independent cell growth. Additionally, the motile and invasive activities of the cells decreased remarkably by HuR knockdown. Furthermore, the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, such as cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, and CDK1, was reduced in the HuR-knockdown cancer cells, and HuR bound to cdk1 mRNA in order to stabilize it. These findings suggest that HuR knockdown changes the features of oral cancer cells, at least in part, by affecting their cell cycle, and shows potential as an effective therapeutic approach
HuR translocation to the cytoplasm of cancer cells in actin-independent manner
No full textHuman antigen R (HuR) is a RNA-binding protein, which binds to the AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of certain mRNA and is involved in the export and stabilization of ARE-mRNA. HuR constitutively relocates to the cytoplasm in many cancer cells, however the mechanism of intracellular HuR trafficking is poorly understood. To address this question, we examined the functional role of the cytoskeleton in HuR relocalization. We tested the effect of actin depolymerizing macrolide latrunculin A or myosin II ATPase activity inhibitor blebbistatin for HuR relocalization induced by the vasoactive hormone Angiotensin II in cancer and control normal cells. Western blot and confocal imaging data revealed that both inhibitors attenuated the cytoplasmic HuR in normal cells but no such alteration was observed in cancer cells. Concomitant with changes in intracellular HuR localization, both inhibitors markedly decreased the accumulation and half-lives of HuR target ARE-mRNAs in normal cells, whereas no change was observed in cancer cells. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation experiments with HuR proteins revealed clear physical interaction with beta-actin only in normal cells. The current study is the first to verify that cancer cells can implicate a microfilament independent HuR transport. We hypothesized that when cytoskeleton structure is impaired, cancer cells can acquire an alternative HuR trafficking strategy
Reduced nuclear export of HuR mRNA by HuR is linked to the loss of HuR in replicative senescence
No full textThe RNA-binding protein, HuR, associates with the HuR mRNA, but the consequences of this interaction are unknown. Here, we use human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) and cervical carcinoma cells to study this regulatory paradigm. Ectopic overexpression of HuR potently enhanced the translation and cytoplasmic levels of endogenous HuR, but did not affect HuR mRNA levels. Inhibition of CRM1 function by Lemptomycin B or by knockdown of CRM1 greatly diminished the cytoplasmic levels of endogenous HuR mRNA and hence blocked the induction of endogenous HuR by exogenous HuR. Further studies showed that HuR interacted with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of HuR and that overexpression of HuR increased the cytoplasmic levels of a chimeric luciferase-HuR 3'-UTR reporter transcript, as well as luciferase activity; conversely, HuR knockdown reduced both parameters. Moreover, the loss of HuR in senescent, late-passage HDFs was accompanied by a reduced cytoplasmic presence of endogenous HuR mRNA, ectopic Luc-HuR-3'UTR reporter transcript, and luciferase activity relative to what was observed in young, early-passage cells. Our results reveal a positive feedback mechanism for the regulation of HuR, which may play an important role in the regulation of HuR during replicative senescence.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000276304500018&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=8e1609b174ce4e31116a60747a720701Biochemistry & Molecular BiologySCI(E)PubMed33ARTICLE51547-15583
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