5,401 research outputs found
Texture Identification by Bounded Integration of Sensory Cortical Signals
No full textRecent work demonstrated that when a rat palpates a surface to identify its texture, signals generated by whisker kinematics are integrated by the brain, one touch at a time, until the accumulated evidence supports a well-grounded choice. The framework of decision making through bounded integration, previously attributed to primates, thus extends to rodents. In the present study, we ask whether vibrissal somatosensory cortex (vS1 and vS2) functions as the integrator of incoming evidence or, alternatively, as a relay of evidence to a downstream integrator. Rats carried out 1–6 touches per trial to discriminate among candidate textures. We calculated the evidence for each texture, per touch, carried by the firing rates of sets of neurons in vS1 and vS2. The quantity of information within vS1 and vS2 did not grow progressively; instead, the decision was accounted for by modeling a downstream integrator that accumulated packets of vS1 and vS2 texture information until the total quantity of evidence for one texture reached a boundary. In this behavioral task, vibrissal somatosensory cortex appears to act as a sensory relay. Bounded integration is likely to take place in regions targeted by somatosensory cortex. When a rat palpates a surface to identify texture, vibrissal kinematic evidence is integrated by the brain one touch at a time. In this study, Zuo and Diamond find that vibrissal somatosensory cortex (vS1 and vS2) acts as a touch-by-touch distributor of evidence to a downstream integrator, where accumulation to a boundary triggers the decision
Dryopteris sukungiana Z. Y. Zuo 2022, sp. nov.
No full textDryopteris sukungiana Z. Y. Zuo, sp. nov. (Figs. 1 & 2), in Chinese 云Dzfl毛ƃ (yún nán lín máo jué). Type:— CHINA. Yunnan: Maguan, 103°59’ E / 22°50’ N, 1950 m alt., 22 June 2021, Z. Y. Zuo 4660 (holotype KUN-1519949; isotypes HITBC-0061304, KUN-1519950, PE-02354809). Diagnosis:— The scales of Dryopteris sukungiana are blackish brown and spreading (Fig. 3E), which is different from all other species in the D. sparsa complex (Fig. 3D, 3F). Dryopteris sukungiana is similar to the ‘typical’ Sino-Himalayan D. sparsa with erect rhizomes, deltoid or pentagonal tripinnatifid to tripinnate lamina, basal pinnae abruptly broadened toward the base (Fig. 3A, 3B), but differs in having glandular hairs and small fibrillose scales on the abaxial surface of the lamina and the indusia (Fig. 3G, 3H). It resembles the Sino-Japanese D. sparsa in the catadromous pinnules of the second pair of pinnae and glandular hairs on the indusia and the abaxial surface of the lamina (Fig. 3H, 3I); however, the lamina of the Sino-Japanese D. sparsa is ovate-deltoid, and the basal pinnae are gradually broadened (Fig. 3C). Dryopteris sukungiana also looks like D. angustipalea Darnaedi, M. Kato & K. Iwats. (1989a: 308); however, the latter is endemic to Indonesia, and in which the lamina is ovate-deltoid, the basal pinnae are gradually broadened toward the base, rachis and costae are glabrous. Plants 30–60 cm tall. Rhizome erect, up to 8 cm long and 2 cm in diameter, clothed with blackish brown, linear- or ovate-lanceolate, spreading, entire scales. Stipe slightly shorter than lamina, ca. 17–38 cm, covered with glandular hairs when young, brown at base, with blackish brown linear- or ovate-lanceolate, spreading, entire, scales. Lamina papery, glossy, deltoid or pentagonal, ca. 26–53 × 18–35 cm, tripinnatifid to tripinnate, base not narrowed, apex acuminate, with glandular hairs on abaxial surface. Pinnae 9–17 pairs, deltate-lanceolate, up to 16 × 6 cm, apex caudate-acuminate; Basal 1–3 pairs opposite and alternate upward, oblique, stalked approximately 1–2 cm. Basal pinnae abruptly broadened toward the base. Pinnules 9–23 pairs, margin serrate to lobed, opposite at base and alternate upward, lanceolate to rounded, base broadly cuneate, asymmetrical, apex obtuse to truncate. Basal basiscopic pinnules of basal pinnae longest, ca. 5–8 × 2–3 cm, base widest, 2-pinnate. Pinnules of the second pair of pinnae catadromous. Rachis and costa clothed with glandular hairs and small fibrillose scales. Veins pinnate, forked, distinct on both surfaces. Sori close to costa on pinnules, with a wide sterile belt on both sides of costa distal to sori. Indusia orbicularreniform, entire, with glandular hairs. Reproductive mode and ploidy level: sexual tetraploid. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — CHINA. Yunnan: Baoshan, Z. Y. Zuo 1615 & 4937; Cangyuan, Z. Y. Zuo 2862; Kunming, J. M. Lu 179; Longling, X. Cheng et al., FB581; Tengchong, Z. Y. Zuo 1498, 1520 & 4949. Ecology and geographical distribution: — Dryopteris sukungiana was found in mountain forests at alt. 1900‒ 2450 m in the central, southern, and southwestern parts of Yunnan Province, China, and perhaps in other neighboring areas. Etymology:— In honor of late Prof. Su-Gong Wu (Su-Kung Wu in Wide-Giles transliteration) (1935-2013), for his contributions to the taxonomic studies on ferns in China, and especially the contributions to collections and studies on the ferns of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. He also edited some sections of Dryopteris in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae and Flora of China.Published as part of Zuo, Zheng-Yu, Lu, Jin-Mei, Wang, Yue-Hua & Li, De-Zhu, 2022, Dryopteris sukungiana (Dryopteridaceae), a new species of the D. sparsa complex from Southwest China, pp. 256-266 in Phytotaxa 533 (5) on pages 260-264, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/614496
Modified Zuo Gui Wan Ameliorates Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats by Regulating the SCFA-GPR41-p38MAPK Signaling Pathway
No full textChangheng Song,1,2,* Qiqi Yan,1,* Yujie Ma,3 Pei Li,1 Ying Yang,1 Yuhan Wang,1 Wenjie Li,1 Xinyu Wan,1 Yubo Li,1 Ruyuan Zhu,1 Haixia Liu,1 Zhiguo Zhang1 1Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Haixia Liu; Zhiguo Zhang, Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, DongzhimenNei Nanxiaojie Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, People’s Republic of China, Email [email protected]; [email protected]: Modified Zuo Gui Wan (MZGW) was a combination of Zuo Gui Wan and red yeast rice used for treating osteoporosis (OP), but its mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to validate the anti-OP effect of MZGW and explore its underlying mechanism.Methods: An ovariectomy (OVX) rat model in vivo and a RANKL-induced osteoclasts (OCs) model in vitro were established. Key active ingredients in MZGW high dose (MZGW-H) group were detected by UPLC-MS/MS. Micro-CT scans and histomorphology analysis were performed in OVX rats. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to investigate the relationship between the anti-OP effect of MZGW-H and intestinal flora. CCK-8 assay was applied to examine the optimal concentration of Modified Zuo Gui Wan drug serum (MZGW-DS) on osteoclasts. The qRT-PCR and Western blotting were utilized to explore the potential anti-OP pathway of MZGW, namely the SCFA-GPR41-p38MAPK signaling pathway. GPR41 was knocked down to further reverse to verify whether the pathway was the key pathway for MZGW-DS to exert its inhibitory effect on osteoclasts.Results: The three main blood components, Ferulic acid, L-Ascorbic acid and Riboflavin, were examined mainly by UPLC-MS/MS. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that MZGW-H changed the metabolism of SCFAs. In vivo studies verified that MZGW-H ameliorated microstructure damage, improved histological changes and reduced TRAP, BALP, and BGP in OVX rats by regulating the SCFA-GPR41-p38MAPK signaling pathway. CCK-8 revealed that 5% MZGW-DS group was the most optimal concentration of MZGW-DS to inhibit osteoclast differentiation. In vitro, MZGW-DS was better than peripheral blood concentration of SCFAs in inhibiting osteoclasts. After the knockout of GPR41, MZGW-DS could not inhibit the expression of osteoclast-related protein (CTSK and NFATc1) via SCFA-GPR41-p38MAPK signaling pathway.Conclusion: MZGW-H effectively ameliorates OVX-induced osteoporosis partially achieved by increasing SCFAs metabolism and modulating the SCFA-GPR41-p38MAPK signaling pathway. Keywords: osteoporosis, short chain fatty acids, SCFA-GPR41-p38MAPK signaling pathway, osteoclasts, modified Zuo Gui Wa
An analysis on the narrative and significance of dream in Zuo Zhuan = "Zuo zhuan" xu meng shou fa ji qi yi yi fen xi
No full textZuo Zhuan is one of the outstanding historical annals about the Spring and Autumn period, which included a lot of description of dreams. It raised attention from numerous researchers and thus created a new topic.
Dreams are mysterious, imaginary and predictive. Regarding to these characteristics, the author of Zuo Zhuan put dreams as a kind of historical materials. Dream took an important role in deciding people's action and making prediction about the future in Zuo Zhuan. It was a tool to promote courtesy and the message of good would be rewarded with good while evil with evil.
On the basis of previous research, this paper will deeply study on the narrative and significance of dreams in Zuo Zhuan . The first chapter introduces the significance of this topic and classifies the nature of dreams in Zuo Zhuan. The second chapter describes the identity of people who involved in dreams, the narrative structure and the explanation of dreams. The third chapter is an analysis of the artistic characteristics of dream description in Zuo Zhuan, which mainly reflects on the detailed dream depiction and the narrative structure of space-time. The fourth chapter analyzes the connotation and influence of dream description in Zuo Zhuan on later literature.published_or_final_versionChinese Language and LiteratureMasterMaster of Art
Objective conflicts in green buildings projects: a critical analysis
No full textAbstract not availableQian Shi, Yu Yan, Jian Zuo, Tao Y
Bi-objective optimization of the scheduling of risk-related resources for risk response
No full textRisk response is a crucial component of project risk management, playing a key role in mitigating the adverse effects of risks. However, the implementation of such risk response relies on the utilization of appropriate risk-related resources. Given the scarcity of these resources, their proper scheduling and allocation are critical. To address this issue, this paper introduces a flow-based continuous-time bi-objective optimization model for risk-related resource planning. The proposed model is then applied to a case study, deriving the global optimal solution based on the tuned parameters. Moreover, we develop a tailored rule-based metaheuristic algorithm for the model. The algorithm incorporates improved random key-based population initialization and a rule-based genetic operator, facilitating the application of the proposed model to large-scale projects. The computational results of the case study and numerical experiments not only validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, but also emphasize the importance of the precautionary principle and redundant resources in project risk management
Making sense of sensory evidence in the rat whisker system
No full textIn natural environments, choices frequently must be made on the basis of complex and ambiguous streams of sensory input. There are advantages inherent to rapid decision making. Choices are better grounded, however, if information is acquired and accumulated over time. In primate visual motion perception, sensory evidence is accumulated up to a limit, at which point the brain commits to a choice. Recalling the models evoked for primate visual perception, recent studies in the rat vibrissal sensorimotor system, using a number of behavioral paradigms, show that perceptual decision making is characterized by the integration of sensory evidence over time. In this integrative process, vibrissal primary somatosensory cortex (vS1 and vS2) act not as the integrator, but as the distributor of sensory information to downstream regions
ANALISIS PENGUASAAN KATA BANTU BILANGAN "ZUO", "JIA", "JIAN", "TAO"."SUO" PADA MAHASISWA BAHASA MANDARIN
No full textAbstractChinese has many characteristics which are different from other languages. One of its prominent features is the abundance of quantifiers. "zuo", "jia", "jian", "tao" and "suo" all belong to noun quantifiers. These five words are quantifiers used to count houses and places. There are similarities and differences in their usage. Therefore, Chinese learners tend to misunderstand these five words, leading to misuse and inappropriate use.In order to understand the mastery of "zuo", "jia", "jian", "tao" and "suo" by the students of theChinese Language major in the Faculty of Teachers Training and Education TanjungPura University, the author tested the students with the test method, and analyzed the difficulties of of "zuo", "jia", "jian", "tao" and "suo". The test results show that the students'mastery of the quantifier "jian" and "jia" is very good, with the correct rate reaching more than 70%, while the students' mastery of "zuo" and "tao" is not very good, with the correct rate less than 70%, and the correct rate of ”suo" is 59%. When analyzing the difficulties, the author finds that the most common problem is the misuse of words.Keywords : quantifiers zuo,jia,jian,tao,suo analysis of master
Effective approaches to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from waste to energy process: a China study
No full textAbstract not available.Yuan Wang, Yuanyuan Yan, Guanyi Chen, Jian Zuo, Huibin D
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