19,018 research outputs found
Composición química y actividad antimicrobiana de aceite escencial de Alpinia menghaiensis S.Q. Tong y Y. M. Xia en S.Q. Tong de Vietnam
No full textThe chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia menghaiensis S.Q. Tong & Y.M. Xia in S.Q. Tong from Vietnam was studied and reported. The techniques of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to characterize the chemical constituents of the essential oil while the microdilution assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. The main compounds identified in the rhizome essential oil consist of β-pinene (46.5%), β-phellandrene (25.7%) and α-pinene (8.5%). The studied essential oil inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value of 15.32 μg/mL ± 0.01, and median inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 32.0 ± 0.01 μg/mL. The essential oil also displayed activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 (MIC 31.57 ± 0.01 μg/mL) and Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 (MIC, 34.21 μg/mL ± 0.01 μg/mL), and IC50 value of 64.0 ± 0.01 μg/mL. This is the first report on the rhizome oil composition, as well as the antimicrobial of essential oils from A. menghaiensis. The paper discusses further the comparative analysis of essential oils from A. menghaiensis.Se investigaron los componentes químicos y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite escencial aislado de los rizomas de Alpinia menghaiensis S.Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia en S.Q. Tong de Vietnam. Se usaron las técnicas de cromatografía de gases (GC) y cromatografía de gases con espectrometría de masas (GC/MS) para caracterizar los componentes químicos del aceite escencial, mientras que se utilizó un ensayo de microdilución para evaluar la actividad antimicrobial. Se identificaron los componentes principales en el aceite escencial del rizoma, compuesto de β-pineno (46.5%), β-fellandreno (25.7%) y α-pineno (8.5%). El aceite escencial estudiado inhibió el crecimiento de Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 con concentraciones de actividad mínima inhibitoria (MIC) de 15.32 μg/mL ± 0.01, y una mediana de concentración inhibitoria (IC50) de 32.0 ± 0.01 μg/mL. El aceite escencial también mostró actividad contra Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 (MIC 31.57 ± 0.01 μg/mL) y Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 (MIC, 34.21 μg/mL ± 0.01 μg/mL), y valor IC50 de 64.0 ± 0.01 μg/mL. Este es el primer reporte sobre la composición del aceite de rizoma, así como de las propiedades antimicrobianas de los aceites escenciales de A. menghaiensis. El artículo discute el análisis comparativo de los aceites escenciales de A. menghaiensis
John Tong
No full textabstract: John was ten years old when he left his home. He traveled to Ethiopia with his friends and elders without food or water.
“Lost Boys Found” is an ongoing, interdisciplinary project that is collecting, recording and archiving the oral histories of the Lost Boys/Girls of Sudan. The collection is a work-in-progress, seeking to record the oral history of as many Lost Boys/Girls as are willing, and will be used in a future book.Age: 25Region: BarakazarThis picture and bio was donated to the "Lost Boys Found" oral history project from The Arizona Lost Boys Cente
Speocera asymmetrica Tong & Li 2007, new species
No full textSpeocera asymmetrica, new species (Figs. 6A–H, 10) Material examined. – Holotype: male (IZCAS), a cave (unnamed) in mango farm (19 ° 05'N 109 ° 03'E), Baoyou Village, Qicha Town, Changjiang County, Hainan Island, China, coll. Y. Song, X. Han, G. Deng, and Y. Tong, 3 Apr.2005. Paratypes: 3 males and 13 females (IZCAS), same data as holotype; 1 male (IZCAS), Bawangling National Natural Reserve (19 ° 04'N 109 ° 08'E), Changjiang County, Hainan Island, China, coll. Y. Song, X. Han, G. Deng, and Y. Tong, 22 Mar.2005. Diagnosis. – The new species is similar to S. krikkeni Brignoli, 1977, but can be distinguished by the modified chelicerae, the relatively slender palpal tibia, the different shapes of bulb, the spineless legs, and the distinctly longer chitinous ducts. Description. – Males: Total length 1.12. Carapace 0.52–0.54 long, 0.41–0.42 wide; abdomen 0.54–0.60 long, 0.40–0.44 wide. Pattern of carapace as the female, but paler. Borders of sternum and abdomen pale violet. Chelicerae laterally excavated. Legs spineless, metatarsus IV distal part straight, with 3 pairs of setae ventrally. Legs measurements: I 1.98 (0.62, 0.13, 0.60, 0.38, 0.25); II 1.75 (0.52, 0.13, 0.51, 0.35, 0.24); III 1.44 (0.44, 0.13, 0.37, 0.32, 0.18); IV 2.07 (0.60, 0.15, 0.58, 0.45, 0.29). Leg formula: 4 1 2 3. Palp measurements: 0.85 (0.32, 0.11, 0.23, 0.19), bulb 0.12 long, 0.17 wide. Palpal tibia slightly incrassate, longer than tarsus, the latter obtuse. Bulb asymmetrical, with short appendage. Females: Total length 1.02–1.12. Carapace 0.52–0.54 long, 0.43–0.44 wide; abdomen 0.62–0.56 long, 0.33–0.42 wide. Pattern of carapace more distinct than the male. Sternum and abdomen brown violet. Some specimens with streaks on posterior and lateral area of abdomen. Chelicerae unmodified. Leg measurements: I 1.76 (0.52, 0.16, 0.50, 0.34, 0.24); II 1.63 (0.49, 0.16, 0.43, 0.31, 0.24); III 1.40 (0.43, 0.12, 0.33, 0.30, 0.22); IV 1.94 (0.55, 0.16, 0.55, 0.42, 0.26). Leg formula: 4 1 2 3. Palp measurements: 0.50 (0.16, 0.08, 0.12, 0.14). Chitinous ducts very long, nearly converged on abdominal dorsal surface. Etymology. – The specific name is from the Greece “ symmetricus ”, and combined with the prefix “ a ”, refers to the asymmetrical bulb of male.Published as part of Tong, Yanfeng & Li, Shuqiang, 2007, First Records Of The Family Ochyroceratidae (Arachnida: Araneae) From China, With Descriptions Of A New Genus And Eight New Species, pp. 63-76 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.535418
Waste is "wicked" when we try to solve it. Author's response to Joshua Goldstein's comments
No full textThis is the author's response to Dr. Goldstein's response to our recent article The rise and fall of a Waste cityin the construction of an urban circular economic systenif The changing landscape of waste in Beijingin the February 2016 issue of this publication. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.SCI(E)REVIEW175-17611
Credit rationing and firms in oligopoly
No full textThis paper develops a theory of the firm, and equilibrium credit rationing mechanisms in oligopoly with R&D-product market competition. Credit rationing arises from a hold-up problem between wealth-constrained entrepreneurs and external investors. Underinvestment occurs if entrepreneurial wealth constraint is binding, even though the equilibrium corporate governance structure addresses the hold-up problem optimally. In a symmetric equilibrium outcome all firms face equitable credit-size rationing. In contrast the asymmetric equilibrium outcome sees some firms (the 'preys') denied external credits entirely while the others (the 'predators') receiving more favorable finances, which turns out to increase market concentration and overall R&D investments
Belisana maogan Tong & Li, 2009, sp. nov.
No full textBelisana maogan sp. nov. Figs 7 –9, 35– 41 Type material: Holotype male, 3 males and 8 females paratypes, CHINA: Hainan Province, Baoting County, Maogan Town, Xian´anshilin (18 ° 35.977´N, 109 ° 25.440´E), 13 April 2005, Y. Song, X. Han, Y. Tong and G. Deng leg. Etymology: The specific name is a noun in apposition, taken from the type locality. Diagnosis: The new species is similar to B. aninaj Huber, 2005 in the shapes of male proximal cheliceral apophyses, but can be distinguished by the shapes of procursus and the bulbal apophyses. Description: Male (holotype). Total length 1.56 (1.72 with clypeus), carapace width 0.71. Leg 1: 10.04 (2.56 + 0.25 + 2.59 + 3.56 + 1.08), tibia 2: 1.87, tibia 3: 1.09, tibia 4: 1.71; tibia 1 L/d: 32. Habitus as in figs 7 and 8. Carapace yellow, with brown marks on posterior half; sternum yellowish; legs yellow, without darker rings; opisthosoma pale white, with some spots, distinct in lateral view. Ocular area not elevated, thoracic furrow absent; distance PME-PME 0.1; diameter PME 0.06; distance PME-ALE 0.01; AME absent. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.51 / 0.46). Chelicerae as in figs 38 and 39, with pair of frontal curved apophyses, tips 0.11 apart; with pair of upward-directed proximal apophyses. Palps as in figs 35, 36 and 37; trochanter with short retrolateral apophysis, femur with indistinct hump proximo-dorsally, procursus complicated distally, with ventral membranous flap, bulb with hooked apophysis and complicated embolus. Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 25 %; legs without spines, vertical hairs, and curved hairs; tarsus 1 with about 15 indistinct pseudosegments distally. Variation. Tibia 1 in other males (n = 3): 2.56, 2.59, 2.78. Distance between tips of distal cheliceral apophyses in other males: 0.09, 0.1, 0.11. Females (paratypes). In general similar to male. Tibia 1 (n = 8): 2.12–2.47 (mean: 2.31). Epigynum simple and flat externally, with distinctive internal dark structures visible through cuticle (Figs 9, 40), pockets 0.04 apart. Dorsal view as in fig. 41.Published as part of Tong, Yanfeng & Li, Shuqiang, 2009, Six new cave-dwelling pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Hainan Island, with two newly recorded genera from China, pp. 17-32 in Zootaxa 1988 on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18547
Holocneminus huangdi Tong & Li, 2009, sp. nov.
No full textHolocneminus huangdi sp. nov. Figs 20 –23, 48– 53 Type material: Holotype male, 14 males and 13 females paratypes, CHINA: Hainan Province, Dongfang City, Huangdi Cave (18 ° 57.720´N, 109 °08.373´E), 20 March 2005, Y. Song, X. Han, Y. Tong and G. Deng leg.; 3 females paratypes, CHINA: Hainan Province, Changjiang County, Qicha Town, Baoyao Cave (19 °06.092´N, 109 °01.208´E), 2–3 April 2005, collector same as for holotype. Etymology: The specific name is a noun in apposition, taken from the type locality. Diagnosis: The new species can be easily distinguished from Holocneminus piritarsis Berland, 1942 (Beatty 2008) by the absence of two-horned projection on clypeus, the shape of palpal bulb and the complicated procursus in male; by the presence of a short scape on epigynum in female. Description: Male (holotype). Total length 1.96 (2.2 with clypeus), carapace width 0.96. Leg 1: 8.02 (2.12 + 0.31 + 2.16 + 2.68 + 0.75), tibia 2: 1.78, tibia 3: 1.5, tibia 4: 1.97; tibia 1 L/d: 23. Habitus as in figs 20 and 21. Carapace yellow with wide median brown mark. Ocular area yellow, but brown laterally, thoracic groove distinct; sternum yellowish, shape as in fig. 22. Opisthosoma pale gray, with some spots dorsally and laterally. Distance PME-PME 0.1; diameter PME 0.09; distance PME-ALE 0.03; diameter AME 0.03. Chelicerae as in fig. 50, with stridulatory files, and a pair of strongly sclerotized frontal apophyses and two pairs of small cones proximolaterally. Palps as in figs 48, 49 and 51; bulbus with distinctive internal duct; femur conspicuously enlarged; procursus relatively huge and complicated. Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 54 %; Legs without spines, curved and vertical hairs; tarsus 1 with about 6 pseudosegments. Variation. Tibia 1 in other males (n = 14): 1.98–2.34 (mean: 2.19) Females. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in females from Huangdi Cave (n = 31): 1.87–2.53 (mean: 2.19); from Baoyou Cave (n = 3): 1.96, 2.03 (leg I lost in one specimen). Epigynum as in figs 23 and 52, with a short scape pointing posteriorly. Lateral surface of scape with pair of pockets, possibly to accommodate the male cheliceral apophyses during copulation. Dorsal view as in fig. 53.Published as part of Tong, Yanfeng & Li, Shuqiang, 2009, Six new cave-dwelling pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Hainan Island, with two newly recorded genera from China, pp. 17-32 in Zootaxa 1988 on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18547
Belisana desciscens Tong & Li, 2009, sp. nov.
No full textBelisana desciscens sp. nov. Figs 1 –3, 24– 29 Type material: Holotype male, 3 females paratypes, CHINA: Hainan Province, Haikou City, Yongxing Town, Cave No. 3 (19 ° 53.880´N, 110 ° 14.978´E), 17 March 2005, Y. Song, X. Han, Y. Tong and G. Deng leg.; 2 females paratypes, Cave No. 1 (19 ° 53.691´N, 110 ° 14.880´E), other data same as for holotype. Etymology: The specific name is a participium from Latin, in reference to the absence of the sclerotized apophysis on male palpal bulb. Diagnosis: The new species can be easily distinguished from other known species by the following characters: the absence of male palpal bulbal apophysis, shapes of male procursus and cheliceral apophyses. Description: Male (holotype). Total length 0.92 (1.12 with clypeus), carapace width 0.49. Leg 1: 8.59 (2.21 + 0.22 + 2.28 + 2.97 + 0.91), tibia 2: 1.38, tibia 3: 0.87, tibia 4: 1.48; tibia 1 L/d: 41. Carapace yellow, with brown marks laterally; sternum yellowish; legs yellow, without darker rings; opisthosoma pale white, without spots. Ocular area not elevated, thoracic furrow absent; distance PME-PME 0.05; diameter PME 0.05; distance PME-ALE 0.02; AME absent. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum nearly as long as wide (0.42). Chelicerae as in fig. 26, with pair of frontal curved apophyses, tips 0.31 apart. Palps as in figs 24, 25 and 27; trochanter with short retrolateral apophysis, femur with indistinct hump proximo-dorsally, procursus complicated distally, with ventral membranous flap, bulb with complicated embolus, without sclerotized apophysis. Retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 19 %; legs without spines, vertical hairs, and curved hairs; tarsus 1 with some pseudosegments, but only 10 distinct distally. Females (paratypes). In general similar to male. Habitus as in figs 1 and 2. Tibia 1 (n = 5): 1.93–2.03 (mean: 1.97). Epigynum simple and flat externally, with distinctive internal dark structures visible through cuticle (Figs 3, 28), pockets 0.28 apart. Dorsal view as in fig. 29.Published as part of Tong, Yanfeng & Li, Shuqiang, 2009, Six new cave-dwelling pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Hainan Island, with two newly recorded genera from China, pp. 17-32 in Zootaxa 1988 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18547
Ischnothyreus qianlongae Tong & Li 2008, new species
No full textIschnothyreus qianlongae, new species (Fig. 4A–G) Holotype. – Male (IZCAS), Qianlong Cave (18 ° 35'N 109 ° 25'E), Maogan Town, Baoting County, Hainan Island, China, coll. Y. Song, X. Han, G. Deng and Y. Tong, 13 Apr.2005. Diagnosis. – The male of this new species (female unknown) is similar to I. narutomii (Nakatsudi, 1942) (Oi, 1958; Lee, 1964), but can be distinguished by the modifications on base of cheliceral fang, the complicated membranous outgrowths on apical part of embolus, and the blackish brown sides of carapace. Description. – Male. Body length 1.51; carapace 0.84 length, 0.65 width; abdomen 0.67 length, 0.42 width. Sides of carapace blackish brown, dorsally yellow, dorsal scutum brown, chelicerae, sternum and ventral scutum light yellow, legs yellow. Carapace with pair of dark brown, egg-shaped patches behind eyes; dorsally with three rows of short hairs. Eyes six in two rows, quite compactly arranged; ALE separated only by a line; posterior eyes in a straight row, touching each other. Base of cheliceral fang with prominent processes; retromargin of fang furrow with a small tooth. Labium wider than long; endites with pointed tip. Leg I: femur with 2 prolateral and 1 small retrolateral spine, patella spineless, tibia with 4 pairs, metatarsus with 2 pairs of very long ventral spines. Leg II is similar to leg I except femur with only one prolateral spine. Measurements of legs: I 2.13 (0.62, 0.27, 0.56, 0.43, 0.25); II 2.15 (0.63, 0.28, 0.52, 0.47, 0.25); III 1.85 (0.56, 0.25, 0.35, 0.44, 0.25); IV 2.65 (0.75, 0.36, 0.55, 0.64, 0.35). Leg formula: 4> 1 = 2> 3. Dorsal scutum about covering five-sixths abdominal length. Bulbus of palp elongated, gradually tapering apically, obtusely bent before apex. Embolic part not divided into distinct lobes, bearing complicated membranous outgrowths. Female. Unknown. Etymology. – Specific name comes from the type locality.Published as part of Tong, Yanfeng & Li, Shuqiang, 2008, The Oonopid Spiders (Araneae: Oonopidae) From Hainan Island, China, pp. 55-66 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 56 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.534125
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