137 research outputs found
A New Book on the Law System of the Golden Horde: Pochekaev R.Yu. Legal Culture of the Golden Horde (Historical and Legal Essays) (Moscow: Yurlitinform, 2015. 312 p.)
No full textThis book is a study at the intersection of such academic disciplines as general history, history of state and law and source study.
The subcect of R.Yu. Pochevalev’s book appears very relevant since the interest of the scientific community and readership toward the Golden Horde and its role in the history of the Russian state remains traditionally high for several centuries. However, the author is trying to take a fresh look at this state and refute the stereotype of the Golden Horde as a some kind of bunch of nomads who lived only by plundering neighboring sedentary peoples. He succeeds in this by studying such an important part of the Golden Horde history as its law and legal culture.
The book examines a number of questions on the history of state and law of the Golden Horde, which have not previously been the subject of a special study (for example, possessions of the Golden Horde in other uluses, dualism of power in different states, relations between authorities and traders, etc.). On some other issues that have already been studied by experts, he proposes new interpretations in the framework of historical and legal approach (for example, the causes of intestine strife in the Golden Horde in the mid-14th century, yarliks of the Golden Horde khans granted to the Russian Chruch, relations of the Golden Horde rulers and Italian colonies in the Northern Black Sea region).
The author examines to a great extent the themes of state and legal regulation of economic relations: status of merchants in the Golden Horde and post-Golden Horde states, role of economic sanctions in the resolution of political conflicts. In other essays contained in the book, the author also emphasizes the role of the economic component of the political and legal relations. For example, R.Yu. Pochekaev convincingly shows that relations of the Golden Horde with other states of the Mongol Empire was based on the principle of mutual provision of possessions to the rulers of other states. The consequence of this was the acquisition of revenues: the Golden Horde khans received such incomes, for example, from China and Central Asia. Various taxation existed in nomadic and sedentary regions of the Golden Horde itself: thereby khans found a kind of compromise that allowed for the effective management of subjects with a different way of economy
Recommended from our members
Grain Yields and the Causes of the Russian Revolution
No full textIn the study of the causes of the Russian Revolution, the problem of the standard of living of the population plays an important role. This problem, in turn, is linked to the question of agricultural productivity. In modern historiography, both domestic and foreign, the thesis of the growing productivity of Russian agriculture in the post-reform period is considered proven - and in particular the increase in grain yields. This thesis is based on the well-known works of V.G. Mikhailovsky, V.M. Obukhov and A.S. Nifontov, in which time series of grain yields in European Russia were constructed on the basis of official statistics. Meanwhile, the opinion of the experts of the 1901 Commission is well known, who believed that the increase in yields recorded in official statistics was explained by the improvement in the system of collecting harvest data. Reforms to improve the survey system were carried out in 1870, 1883 and 1893. The author examines the dynamics of 4-year averages and shows that when 4-year periods containing the years indicated are excluded from consideration, the yield in the remaining time intervals does not increase. In other words, the increase in yield in the time series shown was explained by more detailed accounting.
The period 1893-1914 is considered separately, when it is assumed that the yield data were quite accurate and no new reforms were made in the field of their collection. Previously it was assumed that the yield, calculated by the regression coefficient of the linear model, increased by 12% during this period. The author conducts a more detailed analysis and shows that the regression coefficient used previously is statistically insignificant. Thus, the claim of an increase in returns over this period cannot be statistically substantiated. Perhaps the return was a random variable independent of time.
The paper also examines the dynamics of gross cereal yields per capita and shows that average per capita yields did not increase between 1893 and 1914.
Thus, the prevailing opinion about the growth of agricultural productivity in Russia in the post-reform period needs to be revise
Study of the decay J/ψ →φπ0η
No full textBased on (10.09±0.04)×109 J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, a partial wave analysis of the decay J/ψ→φπ0η is performed. We observe for the first time two new structures on the φη invariant mass distribution, with significances exceeding 27σ and 13σ; the first with JPC=1+-, mass M=(1908±6(stat) -4+8(sys)) MeV/c2, and width Γ=(175±13(stat) -16+7(sys)) MeV, the second with JPC=1 - , mass M=(1992±12(stat) -6+15(sys)) MeV/c2, and width Γ=(132±22(stat) -4+17(sys)) MeV. These measurements provide important input for the strangeonium spectrum. In addition, the f0(980)-a0(980)0 mixing signal in J/ψ→φf0(980)→φa0(980)0 and the corresponding electromagnetic decay J/ψ→φa0(980)0 are measured with improved precision, providing crucial information to understand the nature of a0(980)0 and f0(980)
Study of e+e- →ηφ at center-of-mass energies from 3.773 to 4.600 GeV
No full textWe present a study of the process e+e- -> eta phi using data samples collected with the BESIII detector corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 15.03 fb-1 at 23 center-of-mass energies from 3.773 to 4.600 GeV. The Born cross sections are measured at each energy, and a coherent fit to cross section line shape is performed using a Breit-Wigner parametrization to search for charmoniumlike vector states. No significant signals of the Y(4230) and Y(4360) resonances are observed
Observation of e+e- →ηY (2175) at center-of-mass energies above 3.7 GeV OBSERVATION of e+e- →ηY (2175) ... M. ABLIKIM et al
No full textThe state Y(2175) is observed in the process e+e-→ηY(2175) with a statistical significance larger than 10 standard deviations using the data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring at center-of-mass energies between 3.7 and 4.6 GeV. This is the first observation of the Y(2175) in this process. The mass and width of the Y(2175) are determined to be (2135±8±9) MeV/c2 and (104±24±12) MeV, respectively, and the production cross section (σ) of e+e-→ηY(2175)→ηφf0(980)→ηφπ+π- is at the several hundred femtobarn level. No significant signal for the process e+e-→η′Y(2175) is observed and the upper limit on σ(e+e-→η′Y(2175))/σ(e+e-→ηY(2175)) is estimated to be 0.43 at the 90% confidence level. We also search for ψ(3686)→ηY(2175). No significant signal is observed, indicating a strong suppression relative to the corresponding J/ψ decay, in violation of the "12% rule"
Cross sections for the reactions e+e- →k+K-π+π- (π0), K+K-K+K- (π0), π+π-π+π- (π0), p p ̄ π+π- (π0) in the energy region between 3.773 and 4.600 GeV
No full textUsing the data samples collected in the energy range from 3.773 to 4.600 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we measure the dressed cross sections as a function of center-of-mass energy for e+e-→K+K-π+π-(π0), K+K-K+K-(π0), π+π-π+π-(π0), and pp ̄π+π-(π0). The cross sections for e+e-→K+K-K+K-π0, pp ̄π+π-(π0) are the first measurements. Cross sections for the other five channels are much more precise than previous results in this energy region. We also search for charmonium and charmonium-like resonances, such as the Y(4230), decaying into the same final states. We find evidence of the ψ(4040) decaying to π+π-π+π-π0 with a statistical significance of 3.6σ. Upper limits are provided for other decays since no clear signals are observed
Measurement of the proton form factor by studying e+e- →p p ̄
No full textUsing data samples collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider, we measure the Born cross section of e+e- --> ppbar at 12 center-of-mass energies from 2232.4 to 3671.0 MeV. The corresponding effective electromagnetic form factor of the proton is deduced under the assumption that the electric and magnetic form factors are equal (|GE|=|GM|). In addition, the ratio of electric to magnetic form factors, |GE/GM|, and |GM| are extracted by fitting the polar angle distribution of the proton for the data samples with larger statistics, namely at sqrt(s)=2232.4 and 2400.0 MeV and a combined sample at sqrt(s)=3050.0, 3060.0 and 3080.0 MeV, respectively. The measured cross sections are in agreement with recent results from BABAR, improving the overall uncertainty by about 30%. The |GE/GM| ratios are close to unity and consistent with BABAR results in the same q2 region, which indicates the data are consistent with the assumption that |GE|=|GM| within uncertainties
Observation of Significant Flavor-SU(3) Breaking in the Kaon Wave Function at 12<25 GeV2 and Discovery of the Charmless Decay ψ (3770) → KS0 KL0
No full textWe present cross sections for the reaction e(+)e(-) -> (KSKL0)-K-0 at center-of-mass energies ranging from 3.51 to 4.95 GeV using data samples collected in the BESIII experiment, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 26.5 fb(-1). The ratio of neutral-to-charged kaon form factors at large momentum transfers (12 < Q(2) < 25 GeV2) is determined to be 0.21 +/- 0.01, which indicates a small but significant effect of flavor-SU(3) breaking in the kaon wave function, and, consequently, excludes the possibility that flavor-SU(3) breaking is the primary reason for the strong experimental violation of the pQCD prediction vertical bar F(pi(+/-))vertical bar/vertical bar F(K-+/-)vertical bar = f(pi)(2)/f(K)(2), where F(pi(+/-)) and F(K-+/-) are the form factors, and f(pi) and f(K) are the decay constants of charged pions and kaons, respectively. We also observe a significant signal for the charmless decay psi(3770)->(KSKL0)-K-0 for the first time. Within a 1 sigma contour of the likelihood value, the branching fraction for psi(3770)-> K K-0(S)L(0) is determined to be B=(2.63(-1.59)(+1.40)) x 10(-5), and the relative phase between the continuum and psi(3770) amplitudes is phi = (-0.39(-0.10)(+0.05))pi. The branching fraction is in good agreement with the S- and D-wave charmonia mixing scheme proposed in the interpretation of the "rho pi puzzle" between J/psi and psi(3686) decays
Molecular cytogenetics of the California condor: evolutionary and conservation implications
No full textEvolutionary cytogenetic comparisons involved 5 species of birds (California condor, chicken, zebra finch, collared flycatcher and black stork) belonging to divergent taxonomic orders. Seventy-four clones from a condor BAC library containing 80 genes were mapped to condor chromosomes using FISH, and 15 clones containing 16 genes were mapped to the stork Z chromosome. Maps for chicken and finch were derived from genome sequence databases, and that for flycatcher from the published literature. Gene content and gene order were highly conserved when individual condor, chicken, and zebra finch autosomes were compared, confirming that these species largely retain karyotypes close to the ancestral condition for neognathous birds. However, several differences were noted: zebra finch chromosomes 1 and 1A are homologous to condor and chicken chromosomes 1, the CHUNK1 gene appears to have transposed on condor chromosome 1, condor chromosomes 4 and 9 and zebra finch chromosomes 4 and 4A are homologous to chicken chromosome arms 4q and 4p, and novel inversions on chromosomes 4, 12 and 13 were found. Condor and stork Z chromosome gene orders are collinear and differentiated by a series of inversions/transpositions when compared to chicken, zebra finch, or flycatcher; phylogenetic analyses suggest independent rearrangement along the chicken, finch, and flycatcher lineages
Study of e+e- →γωJ /ψ and Observation of X (3872) →ωJ /ψ
No full textWe study the e+e-→γωJ/ψ process using 11.6 fb-1 e+e- annihilation data taken at center-of-mass energies from s=4.008 GeV to 4.600 GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage ring. The X(3872) resonance is observed for the first time in the ωJ/ψ system with a significance of more than 5σ. The relative decay ratio of X(3872)→ωJ/ψ and π+π-J/ψ is measured to be R=1.6-0.3+0.4±0.2, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic (the same hereafter). The s-dependent cross section of e+e-→γX(3872) is also measured and investigated, and it can be described by a single Breit-Wigner resonance, referred to as the Y(4200), with a mass of 4200.6-13.3+7.9±3.0 MeV/c2 and a width of 115-26+38±12 MeV. In addition, to describe the ωJ/ψ mass distribution above 3.9 GeV/c2, we need at least one additional Breit-Wigner resonance, labeled as X(3915), in the fit. The mass and width of the X(3915) are determined. The resonant parameters of the X(3915) agree with those of the Y(3940) in B→KωJ/ψ and of the X(3915) in γγ→ωJ/ψ observed by the Belle and BABAR experiments within errors
- …
