1,721,009 research outputs found
Struggling to leave behind a highly regulatory past? 'New' environmental policy instruments in Austria
No full textInstrument innovation in an environmental lead state: 'New' environmental policy instruments in the Netherlands
No full text'New Environmental Policy Instruments' (NEPIs) have a vital role to play in the Netherlands, but should not be overemphasised. They remain part of a mix of instruments that retains a considerable role for the traditional command and control instruments. Dutch environmental innovation shows much evidence of gradual, adaptive learning stimulated by changes in governments, philosophies and external pressures, such as the Kyoto Agreement. Some instruments (that is, covenants) fit the Dutch institutional context and style, and its economic context, better than others, such as eco-labels
From high regulatory state to social and ecological market economy? New environmental policy instruments in Germany
No full textDemands for wider use of 'new' environmental policy instruments (NEPIs), namely market-based instruments (such as eco-taxes and tradable permits), voluntary agreements and informational devices (such as eco-labels and eco-audits) have increased significantly in Germany in recent years. Germany has also been urged to make wider use of market-based instruments by external actors (such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and the World Bank). However, the uptake of 'new' policy instruments in Germany has remained uneven despite considerable NEPI innovation. German environmental policy has shown a high uptake of VAs and eco-labels. However, it has made only moderate use of eco-taxes although they have increased significantly with the introduction of the ecological tax reform in 1999. Tradable permits have not yet been tested on the national level although some states (Länder) set up pilot projects to gain practical experience ahead of the EU's tradable permit scheme. Overall, NEPIs have been used mainly to supplement traditional regulatory instruments which still dominate German environmental policy. Germany's transformation from a 'high regulatory' state (which makes wide use of traditional regulation and VAs) towards an ecological market economy (which relies primarily on market-based instruments) has therefore been a slow one
Policy innovation or 'muddling through'? 'New' environmental policy instruments in the United Kingdom
No full textThe UK began to experiment with voluntary agreements and market-based instruments much later than other northern, industrialised member states of the EU. This delayed start can be accounted for by the comparatively low level of environmental awareness in the UK throughout much of the 1980s, and the belief that domestic regulation, when suitably fine-tuned, was more than capable of addressing most domestic environmental problems. The deployment of 'new' environmental policy instruments grew significantly in the 1990s, although the UK still has comparatively few voluntary agreements. The aim of this contribution is to assess how far these tools are genuinely 'new' or not as compared to pre-existing institutional forms and policy instrument types. The findings suggest that the UK's institutional setting has restricted and strongly conditioned the development and functioning of voluntary agreements. Until recently, the same could be said of economic instruments, but the arrival of tradable permits, complex policy packages and various other eco-taxes is indicative of genuine innovation, which breaks decisively with the past
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Comparative conclusions - 'new' environmental policy instruments: An evolution or a revolution in environmental policy?
No full textThe popularity of 'New' Environmental Policy Instruments (NEPIs) has prompted widespread claims that contemporary environmental policy is undergoing a deep seated and long lasting revolution, characterised by a shift from environmental government to environmental governance. This study compares the adoption of NEPIs in the eight case study countries. It reveals that there are common drivers of change, but that the resulting pattern of use is highly differentiated across instrument types and countries. Very few countries are actually innovating in the way they use NEPIs; in most countries, certain types of NEPIs are either not being used or are being used but in a relatively incremental and evolutionary manner. These patterns of change are related to popular theories of comparative politics and public policy. It is concluded that a close empirical analysis of how NEPIs are actually being deployed in different national contexts, suggests that environmental governance is at best supplementing environmental government, not comprehensively supplanting it
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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