1,721,044 research outputs found
Wattelar (C.), Wunsch (G.) - Etude démographique de la nuptialité en Belgique.
No full textAndréani E. Wattelar (C.), Wunsch (G.) - Etude démographique de la nuptialité en Belgique.. In: Revue économique, volume 20, n°6, 1969. p. 1062
Gérard H., Wunsch G. — Comprendre la démographie. Méthodes d'analyse et problèmes de population
No full textH. R. Gérard H., Wunsch G. — Comprendre la démographie. Méthodes d'analyse et problèmes de population. In: Population, 29ᵉ année, n°4-5, 1974. p. 933
Do we necessarily need longitudinal data to infer causal relations?
No full textIt is generally admitted that causes precede their effects in time. This usually justifies the preference for longitudinal studies over cross-sectional ones, because the former allow the modelling of the dynamic process generating the outcome, while the latter cannot. Supporters of the longitudinal view make two interrelated claims: (i) causal inference requires following the same individuals over time, and (ii) no causal inference can be drawn from cross-sectional data. In this paper, we challenge this view and offer counter-arguments to both claims. We also argue that the possibility of establishing causal relations does not so much depend upon whether we use longitudinal or cross-sectional data, but rather on whether or not the modelling strategy is structural
Inferring causal relations by modelling structures
No full textThis paper provides an overview of structural modelling in its close relation to explanation
and causation. It stems from previous works by the authors and stresses the role
and importance of the notions of invariance, recursive decomposition, exogeneity and
background knowledge. It closes with some considerations about the importance of the
structural approach for practicing scientists
Inferring causality through counterfactuals in observational studies. Some epistemological issues
No full textThis paper contributes to the debate on the virtues and vices of counterfactuals as a basis for causal inference. The goal is to put the counterfactual approach in an epistemological perspective. We discuss a number of issues, ranging from its non-observable basis to the parallelisms drawn between the counterfactual approach in statistics and in philosophy. We argue that the question is not to oppose or to endorse the counterfactual approach as a matter of principle, but to decide what modelling framework is best to adopt depending on the research context
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Structural modelling, exogeneity, and causality
No full textThis paper deals with causal analysis in the social sciences. We first present a conceptual
framework according to which causal analysis is based on a rationale of variation and invariance,
and not only on regularity. We then develop a formal framework for causal analysis by means of
structural modelling. Within this framework we approach causality in terms of exogeneity in a
structural conditional model based which is based on (i) congruence with background knowledge,
(ii) invariance under a large variety of environmental changes, and (iii) model fit. We also tackle
the issue of confounding and show how latent confounders can play havoc with exogeneity. This
framework avoids making untestable metaphysical claims about causal relations and yet remains
useful for cognitive and action-oriented goals
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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