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Annual performance indicators of enforced driver behaviours, 2002
Get PDFThe Centre for Automotive Safety Research at the University of Adelaide was commissioned by Transport SA to
produce a report quantifying the effects of selected enforced driver behaviours: drink driving, speeding and restraint
use, in South Australia for the calendar year 2002. The level of random breath testing (RBT) has increased
substantially such that the annual average rate of testing was 2 tests for every 3 licensed drivers in 2002. An
inverse relationship between detection rates and publicity expenditure suggests current publicity campaigns are
supporting enforcement operations.
Overall, speeding detection rates in 2002 decreased, especially speed camera detection rates. However, speeding
detection rates were heavily influenced by police enforcement strategies and practices. Rural speed surveys
indicated that the mean free speed decreased from 2000 to 2002 on 100km/h roads but showed no meaningful
change on 60km/h and 110km/h roads each year.
Determining the effectiveness of restraint use enforcement was very difficult because no specific restraint
enforcement campaigns were undertaken. In the absence of available restraint enforcement details, the number of
restraint related offences committed annually was used to provide a rough estimate of enforcement activities.
Reasonably consistent observational surveys were useful in providing an indication of restraint wearing rates over
time in a number of regions. The surveys indicated that both metropolitan and rural wearing rates increased in 2002
to a level of 96 per cent, just above the national target of 95 per cent.L.N. Wundersitz and A.J. McLea
South Australia's Driver Intervention Program: Participant characteristics, best practice discussion and literature review
Get PDFThe Driver Intervention Program (DIP) is a 90-minute interactive small group workshop that aims to address the over representation of young drivers in crashes by confronting them with the potential risk and consequences of road trauma. Any driver aged 25 years and under who has breached the conditions of their South Australian Learner's Permit or Provisional Licence, and has been subsequently disqualified from driving, is required to attend. In the present report, the operation, content and program delivery of the DIP was compared to programs elsewhere that have similar aims. Methodological limitations are acknowledged. Results are given of a survey of personality characteristics and driving related attitudes of a sample of DIP participants, and a comparison is made with those of other young South Australian drivers (University students). DIP participants were found to be personally well adjusted and not very different from the students. However, there were differences on some measures related to aggression. Finally, key findings from the literature review and the psychological profile of DIP participants are brought together and discussed in terms of potential future directions for the DIPL.N. Wundersitz and T.P. Hutchinso
Road safety and mobility of older drivers in rural versus urban areas.
Get PDFResearch indicates that older drivers have an increased risk of being seriously or fatally injured if they crash. However, it is important that older drivers do not cease driving prematurely because driving enables them to remain mobile, which is important for their independence, health and well-being. Older drivers who live in rural or remote areas are of particular interest because the nature of their driving environments may further increase their risk on the road and restrict their mobility. In terms of risk, certain factors that are more common in rural driving environments, such as roads with high speed limits, may contribute to an increased likelihood that older rural drivers will be seriously or fatally injured if they crash, compared to older urban drivers. With respect to mobility, the longer distances that older rural drivers have to travel to reach their destinations, compared to older urban drivers, may restrict their ability to undertake everyday lifestyle activities, particularly those activities that are discretionary in nature (e.g. social activities). The aim of this thesis was to examine the safety and mobility of older drivers who live in rural areas of South Australia, compared to their urban counterparts. This was achieved through five independent studies. Studies 1 and 2 involved the analysis of crash, serious injury, and fatality data for drivers of different ages from both rural and urban areas of South Australia. Study 1 found that rural drivers aged 75 years and older were more than twice as likely to be involved in crashes that resulted in a serious or fatal injury than urban drivers of the same age. Study 2 found that certain environmental factors - undivided, unsealed, curved and inclined roads, and roads with a speed limit of 100km/h or greater - were more likely to be present in the crashes of older rural drivers than those of older urban drivers and increased the chances that the driver would be seriously or fatally injured. In particular, crashing on a road with a speed limit of 100 km/h or greater produced the largest increase in the risk of serious or fatal injury to the driver. Study 3 involved an examination of the perceptions of 170 drivers (aged ≥ 75) from rural and urban areas of South Australia regarding: the importance of driving, their access to alternative transportation (e.g. public transport), and the degree to which they self-regulate their driving. It was found that rural participants viewed their driving as being more important than did their urban counterparts and believed that they had fewer alternative transportation options available to them. However, they did not differ on various indices of self-regulation, namely: avoidance of difficult driving situations, reductions in amount of driving and willingness to stop driving. Thus, older rural drivers did not appear to be restricted in their ability to self-regulate because of greater perceived driving importance or limited alternative transportation. Prior to investigating the driving mobility and exposure of 56 drivers (aged ≥ 75) from rural and urban areas of South Australia, using GPS data loggers and telephone-based travel diaries, the suitability of these methods of data collection was firstly evaluated in Study 4. The participants (who were a sub-sample of the 170 drivers in Study 3) had their driving monitored for a period of one week. Subsequent interviews regarding the data collection process were also undertaken with a subset of 16 participants. It was found that these methods of data collection provided a broad range of accurate information relating to driving exposure (e.g. distance driven, time spent driving, number of trips, travelling speed, road characteristics) and travel patterns (e.g. discretionary and non-discretionary activities, driving routes) for all participants. Furthermore, the participants who were interviewed provided favourable feedback regarding the data collection process. The data collected for Study 4 were used in Study 5, in order to assess whether older rural drivers are more restricted in their everyday driving mobility, and whether they differ in their exposure to risk while driving, compared to older urban drivers. It was found that, in terms of mobility, rural participants drove further over the week than urban participants, but did not differ in the number of trips that they made or the number that were for discretionary or non-discretionary activities. With respect to risk-exposure, rural participants were exposed to fewer intersections (potential conflict points) per kilometre1 and minute driven than urban participants, but drove further and for longer periods on roads with speed limits of 100 km/h or higher and at GPS-measured speeds of 100 km/h or faster. Overall, the findings suggest that living in rural areas affects the driving safety of older adults, such that the rural driving environment increases the likelihood that they will be seriously or fatally injured in the event of a crash. Importantly, their day-to-day driving mobility is not affected by living in rural areas because they undertake as much driving, and as many activities through their driving, as older urban drivers. Therefore, the challenge for the future is to reduce the risk of serious and fatal injury for older rural drivers without reducing their mobility and, consequently, quality of life in the process. This research does suggest some means by which safe and sustainable mobility may be achieved for older rural drivers, including: modifying the rural driving environment (e.g. decreasing speed limits) and encouraging the use of newer vehicles, which provide better protection in a crash.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Centre for Automotive Safety Research (CASR) and School of Psychology, 201
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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