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Chemical communication of emotions: Analytical and psychological studies of endogenous messengers in human axillary sweat
No full textIm Laufe der Geschichte wurde die kommunikative Funktion des Körpergeruchs im Allgemeinen mit
Vorbehalt bewertet, dabei ist Körpergeruch ein wichtiger Teil der nonverbalen Kommunikation beim
Menschen. Der Inhalt der Nachricht kann durch verschiedenste Faktoren wie Gesundheit, genetische
Identität oder Alter beeinflusst werden. Aber auch verschiedene emotionale Zustände können die
chemischen Hinweise und Signale verändern und somit das Verhalten der Signalempfänger
beeinflussen.
Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation sollten in zwei Studien die Einflüsse emotionaler Zustandsänderungen
auf die Schweißzusammensetzung und somit auf die enthaltenen Chemosignale sowie deren
Auswirkungen auf die Empfänger analysiert werden. Ein besonderer Fokus lag hierbei nicht nur auf der
Betrachtung gesunder Individuen, sondern auch auf Personen mit veränderter Emotionsverarbeitung.
In der ersten Studie wurde der Einfluss chemosensorischer Substanzen bei sozialem Stressschweiß
untersucht. Hierbei wurden die verhaltensbezogenen Auswirkungen von Stressschweiß auf die
Erkennung von Emotionen, die Perspektivenübernahme, die affektive Reaktionsfähigkeit und das
Stressniveau bei gesunden und depressiven Personen betrachtet. Die Ergebnisse implizieren, dass
Stress-Chemosignale keine Stressreaktion auslösen, aber bei depressiven Personen zu einem besseren
Erkennen der Emotion Trauer führt.
In der zweiten Studie lag der Fokus auf der Verknüpfung verhaltensbezogener Effekte und der
chemischen Zusammensetzung. Hier wurde untersucht, ob Angst-Chemosignale die Empfindlichkeit
gegenüber herkömmlichen Gerüchen erhöhen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Chemosignale der Angst die
Geruchsempfindlichkeit verstärken können. Diese Beobachtung stützt die Annahme, dass chemische
Hinweise auf die Angst anderer Menschen die Sensibilität gegenüber der Umwelt erhöhen können.
Zusätzlich wurde der chemische Fingerabdruck von Angst und neutralem Schweiß untersucht und
potente Geruchsmoleküle identifiziert. Die Resultate deuten darauf hin, dass die Carbonsäuren
Dodecansäure und 3-Hydroxy-3-methylhexansäure potenzielle Hauptverursacher des Geruchs von
Angstschweißproben sind, während Tetradecansäure und Patchoulialkohol potenzielle
Hauptverursacher des Geruchs von neutralen Schweißproben sind.
Zusammenfassend zeigen die in dieser Dissertation durchgeführten Studien, dass das Verhalten von
Menschen durch Chemosignale, gewonnen aus emotionalen Zuständen, beeinflusst werden kann.
Außerdem wurden Substanzen identifiziert die potentiell für die beobachteten Verhaltensveränderungen
verantwortlich sind. Damit leistet diese Dissertation einen wichtigen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis
der Chemokommunikation von Emotionen durch Körpergerüche.Throughout history, the communicative function of body odor has generally been viewed with caution,
despite the value of body odors in nonverbal communication in humans. The content of the message can
be influenced by various factors such as health, genetic identity or age. However, various emotional
states can also change the chemical cues and signals and influence the behavior of the signal recipients.
The aim of this dissertation was to analyze in two studies the influence of changes in emotional state on
the composition of sweat and thus on the chemosignals contained, including their effects on the
recipients. A particular focus here was not only on healthy individuals, but also on people with altered
emotional processing.
In the first study, the influence of chemosensory substances of social stress sweat was investigated. Here,
the behavioral effects of stress sweat on emotion recognition, perspective taking, affective reactivity and
stress levels in healthy and depressed individuals were considered. The results imply that stress
chemosignals do not trigger a stress response, but lead to better recognition of the emotion of grief in
depressed individuals.
In the second study, the focus was on linking behavioral effects and chemical composition. Here it was
investigated whether anxiety chemosignals increase sensitivity to conventional odors. The results show
that anxiety chemosignals can increase odor sensitivity. This observation supports the assumption that
chemical cues of other people's anxiety can increase sensitivity to the environment. In addition, the
chemical fingerprint of anxiety and neutral sweat was investigated and potent odor molecules were
identified. The results suggest that the carboxylic acids dodecanoic acid and 3-hydroxy-3-
methylhexanoic acid are potential major contributors to the odor of anxious sweat samples, while
tetradecanoic acid and patchouli alcohol are potential major contributors to the odor of neutral sweat
samples.
In summary, the studies conducted in this dissertation show that human behavior can be influenced by
chemosignals derived from emotional states. In addition, substances were identified that are potentially
responsible for the observed behavioral changes. This dissertation makes an important contribution to a
better understanding of the chemo-communication of emotions through body odors
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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