1,720,974 research outputs found
From IEDs to AIDS? Detection of HIV in human corpses by rapid screening tests after suspected intentional transmission in terrorist attacks
No full textObjectives We evaluated the feasibility of intentional transmission of HIV by means of suicide bombing and rape as a terrorist tactic in asymmetric conflicts by evaluating the recognised optimum conditions for biological warfare. We also estimated the suitability of a fourthgeneration rapid test for HIV detection in the blood of dead terrorists killed in the completion of their mission. Methods The feasibility of deliberate transmission of HIV for terroristic ends was evaluated on the basis of published experience from passive biological warfare research. In addition, blood from four recently deceased HIV-positive patients and four HIV-negative control corpses, stored at 4 degrees C in a mortuary, was analysed at 12, 24, 36 and 48 h postmortem by rapid serological testing. Results The feasibility of HIV infection for terroristic purposes was established. The fourth-generation HIV rapid test we evaluated identified all HIV-positive samples and was negative for all HIV-negative samples. Conclusions Rapid HIV testing from the remains of dead terrorists in the deployed military environment is possible. Samples should be acquired quickly, basic sample preparation is advisable and consequent decisions concerning postexposure prophylaxis should take into account the diagnostic gap in early infections
Is rapid hepatitis C virus testing from corpses a screening option for index persons who have died after mass-casualty incidents in high-prevalence settings in the field?
No full textIntroduction We tested a commercially available rapid hepatitis C virus (HCV) test assay for its potential use for analyses of corpses as a screening option for index persons who have died after mass-casualty incidents in high-prevalence settings in the field. Materials and methods 50 blood samples were drawn from 16 recently deceased confirmed HCV-positive patients whose corpses were stored at 4 degrees C in the mortuary and were analysed at admission and up to 48 h post mortem by rapid serological testing using the ImmunoFlow HCV test (Core Diagnostics, Birmingham, UK) in comparison with automated serological assays and PCR. Samples from 50 HCV-negative corpses were also analysed. Results The blood of only four of the 16 HCV-positive corpses reacted clearly with the ImmunoFlow HCV test, while in five cases the result was only weakly reactive and three cases showed very weak reactivity. Four of the infected corpses showed initially negative results, three of which became very weakly reactive 48 h post mortem. 49 out of 50 samples (98%) from HCV-negative corpses tested negative. Discussion The rapid test system we investigated showed insufficient sensitivity regarding the identification of HCV positivity. Automated serological testing or PCR should be preferred if it is realistically available in the deployed military setting
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Von Mensch zu Mensch - Die postmortale muskuskelettale und kardiovaskuläre Gewebespende in der Rechtsmedizin - Eine retrospektive Auswertung der Jahre 2008-2017
No full textWährend die Organspende einer großen Vielzahl der deutschen Bundesbürger geläufig ist und 84 % dieser in der Mehrheit positiv gegenüber stehen [18], scheint die postmortale Gewebespende selbst unter medizinischem Personal nicht hinlänglich bekannt zu sein [58].
Tatsächlich werden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland aber jährlich Gewebetransplantationen im fünfstelligen Bereich durchgeführt [26, 29].
Dennoch besteht auch nach Jahren der Aufklärungsarbeit und bereits an einzelnen rechtsmedizinischen Institutionen implementierten Verfahren zur Spendergewinnung, sowohl im muskuloskelettalen als auch kardiovaskulären Bereich, weiterhin ein Transplantatmangel.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, einen realistischen Ausblick auf die Aufgaben, Probleme und Chancen zu geben, die mit der Funktion als Gewebeentnahmeeinrichtung verbunden sind. Im Fokus stehen die rechtsmedizinischen Institute, die nicht nur in ihrer Funktion als Leichenhalle ein potentielles Spenderkollektiv hüten und durch ihre praktischen Tätigkeiten und Fertigkeiten passende Entnehmer darstellen, sondern auch im Rahmen von Fortbildungsveranstaltungen und Lehrtätigkeiten im Leichenschauwesen einen erheblichen Beitrag leisten können, das Thema postmortale Gewebespende in das Bewusstsein der Öffentlichkeit und medizinischem Personal zu rücken.
Eine Steigerung der Spenderzahlen kann erreicht werden durch:
• Aktive und von der Organspende losgelöste, gezielte Aufklärungskampagnen der Bevölkerung über die postmortale Gewebespende
• Lehre und Fortbildung innerhalb der Heilberufe für einen sicheren Umgang im Erkennen und Melden potentieller Gewebespender
• Schaffung einfacher und praktischer Meldestrukturen
• Einführung eines einheitlichen Melde- und Vermittlungsregisters
• In die Pflichtnahme der Transplantationsbeauftragten der Krankenhäuser ihrer Meldepflicht auch bezüglich potentieller Gewebespender nachzukommen
• Außerklinisch Verstorbene einer Spende zuführen
• Einsatz eines Gewebekoordinators an rechtsmedizinischen oder pathologischen Instituten
Eine Prozessoptimierung an Instituten kann erreicht werden durch:
• Einsatz eines Gewebekoordinators ohne konkurrierende Dienstaufgaben
• Einsatz eines festen Entnahmeteams
• Einsatz nicht ärztlicher Mitarbeiter (Präparatoren, Studenten, Physician Assistent)
• Aufeinander abgestimmte und gestufte Spenderevaluationsschritte
• Praktische Schulungen im Umgang mit Angehörigen und Entnahmetechniken
• Austausch mit anderen Entnahmeeinrichtungen
Eine maximale Empfängersicherheit kann gewährleistet werden durch:
• Anamnese (Angehörige, Hausarzt, Klinik)
• Vorabserologie
• Postmortale Computertomographie
• Obduktion
Durch das Engagement jedes Einzelnen, durch Wissenschaft und Lehre, können rechtsmedizinische Institute einen erheblichen Beitrag leisten, dem Transplantatmangel in Deutschland entgegen zu wirken.
Von den Toten für die Lebenden
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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