164 research outputs found
Muhammadiyah’s Views and Actions on the Protection of Civilians during the Japanese Invasion of the Netherlands Indies, 1941-1942
No full textStudies on Muhammadiyah largely ignore Muhammadiyah’s perceptions of war. This study explores Muhammadiyah’s thoughts and practices on the protection of civilians in a so far neglected war, namely Japanese invasion of the Netherlands Indies in 1941-1942. Using historical research method, this study scrutinizes previously unexamined primary sources, the weekly magazine Adil, which was published by Surakarta branch of Muhammadiyah, in editions between 1941-1942. By examining edicts from the Central Board of Muhammadiyah as well as the writings of individuals affiliated with Muhammadiyah published by Adil, this study argues that Muhammadiyah was highly attentive to efforts to protect the civilians in times of war, by basing its thoughts on the interplay between Islamic principles and modern ideas about the rights of non-combatants in battle. Muhammadiyah strongly emphasized that during the war the civilians must be protected by the state. It moreover advised people to build spiritual and mental strength so that they can survive the war and advocated a self-protection of civilians by encouraging every resident of the Indies to help each other during the war. It campaigned for the protection of civilians with various methods and by establishing a special agency to organize the protection efforts. This study elucidates the role of Muhammadiyah in providing information, religious guidance and practical supports to its members and the Indonesian people in general regarding the protection of civilians in a war that finally overthrew European colonial powers in Southeast Asia.Studi-studi tentang Muhammadiyah masih mengabaikan tema persepsi Muhammadiyah tentang perang. Kajian ini mengeksplor pandangan dan tindakan Muhammadiyah terkait perlindungan warga sipil di masa perang, dalam konteks yang selama ini terabaikan, yaitu invasi Jepang ke Hindia Belanda pada 1941-1942. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah, studi ini mengkaji sumber-sumber primer yang belum pernah diteliti sebelumnya, yaitu majalah mingguan Adil yang diterbitkan oleh Muhammadiyah cabang Surakarta, di edisi antara tahun 1941-1942. Dengan menelaah maklumat-maklumat Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah serta tulisan individu-individu yang berafiliasi dengan Muhammadiyah yang diterbitkan oleh Adil, penelitian ini berargumen bahwa Muhammadiyah menaruh perhatian besar pada upaya melindungi warga sipil di masa perang, dengan mendasarkan pemikirannya pada saling interaksi antara prinsip-prinsip Islam dan ide-ide modern tentang hak-hak non-kombatan dalam pertempuran. Muhammadiyah sangat menekankan bahwa selama perang warga sipil harus dilindungi oleh negara. Selain itu, Muhammadiyah mengajak masyarakat untuk membangun kekuatan spiritual dan mental sehingga mereka dapat bertahan dari perang dan menganjurkan agar warga sipil berupaya melindungi diri mereka sendiri dengan mendorong setiap penduduk Hindia untuk saling membantu selama perang. Muhammadiyah mengkampanyekan perlindungan warga sipil dengan berbagai metode dan dengan membentuk badan khusus untuk menyelenggarakan upaya perlindungan. Kajian ini menjelaskan peran Muhammadiyah dalam memberikan informasi, panduan keagamaan, dan dukungan praktis kepada anggotanya dan masyarakat Indonesia pada umumnya mengenai perlindungan warga sipil dalam perang yang akhirnya menggulingkan kekuatan kolonial Eropa di Asia Tenggara.
Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer based on thermally tunable micro-ring resonators
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16 channel200 GHz arrayed waveguide grating based on Si nanowire waveguides
No full textA16 channel arrayed waveguide grating demultiplexer with200 GHz channel spacing based on Si nanowire waveguides is designed. The transmission spectra response simulated by transmission function method shows that the device has channel spacing of1.6 nm and crosstalk of31 dB. The device is fabricated by193 nm deep UV lithography in silicon-on-substrate. The demultiplexing characteristics are observed with crosstalk of5-8 dB, central channel's insertion loss of2.2 dB, free spectral range of24.7 nm and average channel spacing of1.475 nm. The cause of the spectral distortion is analyzed specifically
Triplexers Based on SOI Flattop AWGs
No full textTriplexers are designed based on SOl flattop arrayed waveguide gratings （AWGs）. Three wavelengths （1310, 1490,and 1550nm） operate at three diffraction orders of AWGs. Simulation shows that the 3dB bandwidth,crosstalk, and loss are 6nm,less than -40dB, and 5dB, respectively. The output optical fields of the device fabricated in our laboratory are clear and show a good triplexing function
Light extraction enhancement of SOI-based erbium/oxygen Co-implanted photonic crystal microcavities
No full textH5 photonic crystal(PC) microcavities co-implanted with erbium(Er) and oxygen(O) ions were fabricated on silicon-on-insulator(SOI) wafers. Photoluminescence(PL) measurements were taken at room temperature and a light extraction enhancement of up to12 was obtained at1.54μm, as compared to an identically implanted unpatterned SOI wafer. In addition, we also explored the adjustment of cavity modes by changing the structural parameters of the PC, and the measured results showed that the cavity-resonant peaks shifted towards shorter wavelengths as the radius of the air holes increased, which is consistent with the theoretical simulation.?2011 Chinese Institute of Electronics
Tunable filters based on an SOI nano-wire waveguide micro ring resonator
No full textMicro ring resonator(MRR) filters based on a silicon on insulator(SOI) nanowire waveguide are fabricated by electron beam photolithography(EBL) and inductive coupled plasma(ICP) etching technology. The cross-section size of the strip waveguides is450×220 nm2, and the bending radius of the micro ring is around5μm. The test results from the tunable filter based on a single ring show that the free spectral range(FSR) is16.8 nm and the extinction ratio(ER) around the wavelength1550 nm is18.1 dB. After thermal tuning, the filter's tuning bandwidth reaches4.8 nm with a tuning efficiency of0.12 nm/°C Meanwhile, we fabricated and studied multi-channel filters based on a single ring and a double ring. After measurement, we drew the following conclusions: during the signal transmission of multi-channel filters, crosstalk exists mainly among different transmission channels and are fairly distinct when there are signals input to add ports.?2011 Chinese Institute of Electronics
Optimized design and fabrication of polymer/silica thermo-optic switch with low power consumption
No full textTheoretical analysis of a novel polarization-insensitive AWG demultiplexer based on Si nanowire and slot waveguides
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