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The images of Wu-Wang in Chou dynasty
No full text碩士武王為上古時期以仁義著名的帝王，推翻商紂王的暴政統治，為先秦典籍津津樂道的對象，數千年來受人稱讚歌頌。《尚書》以來的記載，多將武王描述為一位修己的仁者。歷年來研究武王伐紂年代的論文極多，武王形象的探討極少。武王是典型聖王，傳統學者為了隱惡揚善，便將一切善行與功德歸於武王，因此武王形象距離其生存時代愈遠，就愈美好。事實上，武王形象不只隨著時代變遷而不同，更隨著學者思想不同而改變。上古明君與暴君形象的研究長期受人忽略，本文旨在透過主題學，揭開武王之典型與多面性，文人對歷史人物的評價，以及文人塑造形象的意圖。 經書中的武王形象，大致可歸納為「承父之命」、「治國有方」、「任用俊賢」、「克商有功」、「孝順敬天」、「美好德行」等六項。經書中的武王形象十分正面，《禮記》甚至將武王視為民族英雄。史書中的武王形象多透過武王的事蹟展現，其中以《逸周書》較為特別。《逸周書》透過描述武王心理狀態的手法，舖陳武王形象，並據史陳述了武王伐紂後的殘忍祭祀，和《尚書》歌功頌德的筆法大異其趣。 子書中的武王形象因各家書寫目的不同，武王形象也多彩多姿。儒家典籍為宣揚儒家的禮義思想，宣提武王的種種仁義事蹟，甚至將其塑造為神化人物。道家強調自然無為，道家典籍中的武王是以私意約束人民，使人民陷入鬥爭的惡人，禍亂的根源。雜家典籍中的武王形象更多變化，雖如儒家典籍塑造成明君形象，然不若儒家典籍塑造的完美典型，而是亦正亦反的形象，反而更有人性。法家重刑法，故法家典籍中的武王能夠善用刑法與利，他的「德」著重的是現實層面。《管子》中的武王不只有空泛的德，還懂得如何將之運用在行政、經濟上。由先秦各學派中的武王資料，可以看出子書中的武王形象受各家學說影響。諸子百家爭鳴的時代，各家學者無所不用其極地宣揚自己的學說，而引起眾人注意的方法，無非將眾人皆知的上古聖王寫進書裡，將其塑造為符合其學派的形象，子書中的武王也因此有了多彩多姿的面貌。 自先人刪去《逸周書》中不利武王的篇章，武王的形象更為正面，除了反對儒家的法家之外，先秦典籍中的武王幾乎沒有負面形象。武王的形象愈加美好，直至漢代，才開始有反對的聲浪。然如王充、蘇軾等學者畢竟是少數，武王形象在眾人心目中依然美好，凡提及至德、至善、至孝之人，無不以武王為例。The first king of Chou, Wu-Wang, is a famous man living in thousands of years ago. Wu-Wang killed the tyrant of Shang—Zhou-Wang, and was praised for thousands of years. Since the book “Shang Shu,” Wu-Wang has been described a man with “ren.” Many scholars studied the date of Wu-Wang attacking Zhou, but only a few mentioned the image of Wu-Wang. Wu-Wang is a typical type of king of virtues; therefore, scholars covered up his bad deeds and praised his virtue, even attributed others’ success to him. Thus, the farther the time is from now, the more wonderful are Wu-Wang’s images. Since scholars ignored the images of tyrants and wise kings for many years, this essay revealed Wu-Wang’s various images, scholars’ criticism, and scholars’ attempts to mold images through Thematology. The second chapter “the Image of Wu-Wang in the book” classified the images of Wu-Wang to six parts: Wu-Wang’s inheritance of his father, ruling the kingdom, appointing of capable people, achievement of defeating Shang, filial obedience, and moral goodness. The images of Wu-Wang in the book are positive, and “Li Ji” even regards Wu-Wang as a national hero. Books of history describe Wu-Wang by recording his deeds. Among them, “Yi Chou Shu” is the most special. This book recorded Wu-Wang’s images by describing his mentality, and portrayed his cruel rite after defeating Zhou, which is very different from “Shang Shu.”
Wu-Wang’s images in books of Zi are various because of authors’ different purposes. To advocate the idea of “Li Yi,” the school of “Ru” publicize Wu-Wang’s deeds of “Ren” and “Yi,” even deify him like a god. The school of “Dao” emphasizes the idea of nature; therefore, Wu-Wang is a wicked person and
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the root of all evil in the book of Dao . There are various images in other books. In other books, Wu-Wang is a wise king, but there are also negative sides portrayed, which makes Wu-Wang more human. Wu-Wang makes good use of penal law and benefits in book of the school “Fa,” because the school takes penal law and benefits seriously. The school of “Fa” takes reality into account in Wu-Wang’s images. In “Guan Zi,” Wu-Wang’s virtue is showed in economy and administration. We can see from the data in books of Zi that ideas of every school affect Wu-Wang’s images. At the time of books of Zi, scholars attempt to make their schools widely known, so they wrote people of virtue into their books, and make their images fit in with their own ideas. Thus, various images of Wu-Wang were shown. Since ancient scholars deleted chapters unfavorable to Wu-Wang, the images of Wu-Wang have been more positive. Except for the school “Fa” against the school “Dao,” there aren’t any negative images of Wu-Wang. Wu-Wang’s images are more and more wonderful until the Han Dynasty. Scholars like Wang Chong and Su Shi are just a few against Wu-Wang’s wonderful images. Therefore, Wu-Wang’s images are wonderful until now; we even set Wu-Wang for example when mentioning people with the highest virtue, goodness, and filial piety.目 次
第一章 緒論.................................................................................................................. 1
第一節 研究動機............................................................................................ 1
第二節 文獻回顧............................................................................................ 5
第三節 研究方法與論文架構........................................................................ 9
第二章 經書中的武王形象........................................................................................ 12
第一節 《尚書》中的武王形象.................................................................. 12
一、 承父之命...................................................................................... 12
二、 德政克己...................................................................................... 16
三、 伕用俊賢...................................................................................... 17
第二節 《毛詩》中的武王.......................................................................... 20
一、 克商有功...................................................................................... 20
二、 孝順敬天...................................................................................... 21
三、 承父之業...................................................................................... 23
四、 施行仁政...................................................................................... 24
第三節 禮書中的武王形象.......................................................................... 27
一、 英雄形象...................................................................................... 27
二、 克商有功...................................................................................... 28
三、 孝順盡忠...................................................................................... 31
四、 仁政克己...................................................................................... 33
第四節 《左傳》與《論語》中的武王形象.............................................. 41
一、 克商有功...................................................................................... 41
二、 美好德行...................................................................................... 44
第三章 史書中的武王形象........................................................................................ 48
第一節 《國語》中的武王形象.................................................................. 48
一、 天命伐紂...................................................................................... 48
二、 四方來朝...................................................................................... 51
第二節 《戰國策》中的武王形象.............................................................. 52
第三節 《竹書紀年》中的武王形象.......................................................... 53
一、 克商有功...................................................................................... 53
二、 武王治國...................................................................................... 55
第四節 《逸周書》中的武王形象.............................................................. 59
一、 夙夜憂患...................................................................................... 59
二、 克商有功...................................................................................... 71
三、 殘酷暴行...................................................................................... 74
第四章 子書中的武王形象........................................................................................ 86
第一節 儒家典籍中的武王形象.................................................................. 86
一、 《孟子》中的武王形象.............................................................. 86
二、 《荀子》中的武王形象.............................................................. 91
第二節 道家典籍中的武王形象................................................................ 100
一、 不仁不義.................................................................................... 100
二、 貪婪巧詐.................................................................................... 101
第三節 墨家典籍中的武王形象................................................................ 104
一、 得賢用賢.................................................................................... 104
二、 誅暴伐惡.................................................................................... 104
三、 明鬼非命.................................................................................... 105
第四節 法家典籍中的武王形象................................................................ 108
一、 《韓非子》中的武王形象........................................................ 108
二、 《管子》與《商君書》中的武王形象.................................... 111
第五節 雜家典籍中的武王形象................................................................ 119
一、 因勢利導.................................................................................... 119
二、 美好德行.................................................................................... 120
三、 治國有方.................................................................................... 122
四、 伐紂之功.................................................................................... 127
五、 善用權謀.................................................................................... 130
第五章 結論.............................................................................................................. 134
參考書目.................................................................................................................... 140學號: 696010312, 學年度: 9
Lasioseius chaudhrii Wu & Wang 1982
No full textLasioseius chaudhrii (Wu & Wang , 1982) Gnorimus chaudhrii Wu & Wang, 1982: 134. Lasioseius chaudhrii.— Zhang & Fan, 2010: 283. TYPE DEPOSITORY: Guangdong Institute of Entomology, Guangdong, China. TYPE LOCALITY AND HABITAT: Fuzhou, Fujian, China, on rice [Oryza sp.; Plantae: Poaceae] plant.Published as part of De Moraes, Gilberto J., Britto, Erika P. J., Mineiro, Jefferson L. De C. & Halliday, Bruce, 2016, Catalogue of the mite families Ascidae Voigts & Oudemans, Blattisociidae Garman and Melicharidae Hirschmann (Acari: Mesostigmata), pp. 1-299 in Zootaxa 4112 (1) on page 163, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4112.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/39947
Producción de bioetanol a partir de restos de soja (okara)
No full textWu Wang, Wei Kai; director de proyecto: Muriel Fernández, Candelas2023-2024Grado en BiotecnologíaFacultad de Ciencias de la Salu
Lasioseius chaudhrii Wu & Wang
No full textLasioseius chaudhrii (Wu & Wang) (Figs 6–22) Gnorimus chaudhrii Wu & Wang, 1982: 134. Lasioseius parberlesei.— Tseng, 1989: 22 (possible misidentification: see remarks under L. parberlesei); De Leon-Facundo & Corpuz-Raros, 2002: 44 (misidentification). Lasioseius chaudhrii. — Zhang & Fan, 2010: 283. Specimens examined. two females from citrus orchard weeds, collected by J.-I. Jie, at Mawei, Fuzhou, China, August 22, 2008; one female from citrus, collected by Y.-X. Zhang, at Mawei, Fuzhou, China, September 12, 2009; eight females and two males from rice plants, collected by J. de D. Moya Franco, at El Pozo, María Trinidad Sánchez, Dominican Republic, August 29, 2012; two females from hay and rice stubble, collected by L.A.C. Raros & R.S. Raros, at Pintor, Gamu, Isabela, Philippines, December 21, 1996 and January 4, 1998 (UPLBMNH-Aca Nr. 708-709); 19 females from Chrysanthemum sp., collected by R.C. Garcia, at Bahong, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines, September 2, 2001 (UPLBMNH-Aca Nr. 710-715); two females from Chrysanthemum sp., collected by L.N. Calleja, at Piamonte Garden, Tacloban, Leyete Island, Philippines, March 2, 2003 (UPLBMNH-Aca. Nr. 716); one female from litter, collected by R.C. Garcia, at Dulay Garden, Dila Bay, Laguna, Luzon Island, Philippines, March 6, 2003 (UPLBMNH-Aca. Nr. 717); 14 females and three males from Oryza sativa, collected by G.J. de Moraes, C.-C. Ho, M.-Y. Lin & C.-C. Chang, at Tainan, Taiwan, July 10, 2014. Adult female (specimens measured: China—three, Dominican Republic—six, Philippines—five, Taiwanfive). Measurements of structures given in Table 1. Dorsum of idiosoma (Fig. 6): podonotal region of dorsal shield reticulate, with 12 pairs of setae (j 2 –j 6, z 2, z 4, z 5, s 4, s 5, r 2, r 3), two pairs of distinct lyrifissures and three pairs of pores. Opisthonotal region reticulate, with ten pairs of setae (J 2, J 4, J 5, Z 1, Z 3 –Z 5, S 3 –S 5), seven pairs of lyrifissures and three pairs of pores. All setae lightly serrate, except, J 2 and r 2, smooth; setae j 4, j 5, j 6, J 2, J 4, J 5 and r 2 relatively short; other setae longer and relatively stout. Unsclerotised cuticle along lateral margins with four pairs of setae (r 5, R 1, R 2 and R 5), short and smooth. Venter of idiosoma (Figs 7–8): all setae aciculate and smooth, except JV 5, distally serrate. Laciniae divided for about 71 (68–76)% of their total length. Presternal region transversely striate. Sternal shield with sparse lateral striae, three pairs of setae (st 1 –st 3) and two pairs of lyrifissures. Metasternal plate rounded, bearing the fourth pair of sternal seta (st 4) and a pair of lyrifissures (iv 4). Genital shield with lateral striae, posterior margin truncate, bearing genital setae (st 5); paragenital lyrifissures (iv 5) on unsclerotised cuticle posterolateral to st 5. Ventrianal shield subtriangular, reticulate, bearing six pairs of opisthogastric setae (JV 1 –JV 4, ZV 2, ZV 3) in addition to the circum-anal setae, a pair of marginal lyrifissures anterolateral to Zv 3 and a pair of marginal pores posterolateral to para-anal seta; anal opening small. Opisthogastric cuticle with a broken line between genital and ventrianal shields, and two pairs of metapodal plates, the anterior much smaller and elongate, the posterior rounded. Unsclerotised cuticle around ventrianal shield with four pairs of lyrifissures and seta JV 5. Exopodal plate distinct from anterior margin of coxa II to posterior margin of coxa IV. Peritrematic plate and peritreme (Fig. 9): peritrematic plate fused with dorsal shield at level of j 2 and broadly fused with exopodal plate beside coxa IV; with a pore in region between coxae I–II [gp 1 of Lindquist & Moraza, 2009] and a lyrifissure and a pore in region between coxae II–III (ip 1, gp 2), two lyrifissures and a pore behind geographic regions. Character 1 Female Male Holotype 2 Dominican Republic China Philippines Taiwan Paratype 2 Dominican Republic Taiwan L 385–430 392 (358–418) 399 (388–415) 388 (375–400) 383 (375–393) 280–290 288–293 290 (288–295) W 210–250 226 (208–238) 224 (213–235) 231 (213–240) 225 (208–240) 160–175 185 – 118 181 (170–190) ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page: length; W: width; shields: DS—dorsal, GS—genital, SS—sternal, SGS—sternogenital, VAS—ventrianal; NT: number of teeth, FD: fixed cheliceral digit; MD: movable cheliceral digit; 2 from the original description (Wu & Wang, 1982); 3 absent. stigma (ip 2, ip 3, gp 2), and with a pore near posterior end [SJ, inguinal solenostome of Athias-Henriot, 1969, gv 2 of Lindquist & Moraza, 2009]; peritreme extending forward to region between j 2 setae. Spermatheca (Fig. 10): calyx of spermatheca trumpet-shaped; atrium swollen. Gnathosoma (Figs 11–13): general shape of chelicera as for the new characterisation of the phytoseioides group; fixed digit bearing 13 (11–15) teeth in addition to apical tooth; hyaline rim bearing 16 teeth; movable digit bearing three teeth in addition to the apical tooth. Anteromedian region of epistome convex and denticulate. Deutosternum with seven transverse lines of denticles; first (distal) to fifth with 4–8 denticles each; sixth and seventh with 14–18 denticles each. Legs (Fig. 14): leg pretarsi I–IV each with a pair of claws and pulvillus with three rounded lobules. Leg IV with three macrosetae on genu (ad 2), basitarsus (pd 3) and telotarsus (pd 2), all smooth. Leg chaetotaxy (trochanter to tibia): I: 1, 0/ 1, 1 / 2,1; 2, 3 / 2, 2 / 1, 2; 2, 3 / 2, 3 / 1, 2; 2, 3 / 2, 3 / 1, 2; II: 1, 0/ 1, 0/ 2, 1; 2, 3 / 1, 2 / 2, 1; 2, 3 / 1, 2 / 1, 2; 2, 2 / 1, 2 / 1, 2; III: 1, 1 / 1, 0/ 1, 1; 1, 2 / 1, 1 / 0, 1; 2, 2 / 1, 2 / 1, 1; 2, 1 / 1, 2 / 1, 1; IV: 1, 1 / 1, 0/ 1, 1; 1, 2 / 1, 1 / 0, 1; 2, 2 / 1, 3 / 0, 1; 2, 1 / 1, 3 / 1, 2. Adult male (specimens measured: Dominican Republic—two, Taiwan—three) Measurements of structures given in Table 1. Dorsum of idiosoma (Fig. 15): podonotal and opisthonotal regions of the dorsal shield with reticulation and setation as in adult female. Relative lengths and shape of setae as in adult female. Lateral cuticle with two pairs of setae (r 5 and R 1), short and smooth. Venter of idiosoma (Figs 16–17): shape of setae as in adult female, except JV 5, smooth to very lightly serrate. Laciniae divided for about 70 % of their total length. Presternal region transversely striate. Sternogenital shield fused with whole endopodal shield, lightly sclerotised, with sparse striae along lateral margins and near posterior end, bearing five pairs of setae (st 1 –st 5) and three pairs of lyrifissures. Ventrianal shield subtriangular with transversely elongate reticules, bearing five pairs of opisthogastric setae (JV 1 –JV 3, JV 5 and ZV 3) in addition to the circum-anal setae, two pairs of lyrifissures (in transverse line with JV 1 and posterolateral to ZV 3) and a pair of marginal pores (posterolateral to para-anal setae); anal opening small. Exopodal plate distinct from anterior margin of coxa II to posterior margin of coxa IV. Peritrematic plate and peritreme (Fig. 18): peritrematic plate fused with dorsal shield at level of r 2 and broadly fused with exopodal plate beside coxa IV; with a broad expansion between coxae II–III that bears a lyrifissure and a pore (ip 1, gp 2); two lyrifissures and a pore behind stigma (ip 2, ip 3, gp 2), and with a pore near posterior end [SJ, inguinal solenostome of Athias-Henriot, 1969, gv 2 of Lindquist & Moraza, 2009]; peritreme extending forward to region between j 2 setae. Gnathosoma (Figs 19–21): general shape of chelicera similar as for the new characterisation of the phytoseioides group; fixed digit bearing ten (9 – 10) teeth in addition to apical tooth; movable digit bearing one tooth in addition to the apical tooth and a slightly wavy spermadactyl, with a small and slender distal process. Anteromedian region of epistome as in adult female. Hypostome similar to female. Legs (Fig. 22): legs similar to female. Leg IV with three macrosetae on genu (ad 2), basitarsus (pd 3) and telotarsus (pd 2), all smooth. Leg chaetotaxy as in adult female. Remarks. Measurements of specimens from different regions are very similar to each other. An examination of specimens reported by De Leon-Facundo & Corpuz-Raros (2002) and Corpuz-Raros et al. (2005) as L. parberlesei, kindly provided by L. Corpuz-Raros and I.L. Lit Jr., led us to re-identify them as L. chaudhrii.Published as part of De Moraes, Gilberto J., Abo-Shnaf, Reham I. A., Pérez-Madruga, Yanebis, Sánchez, Leocadia, Karmakar, Krishna & Ho, Chyi-Chen, 2015, The Lasioseius phytoseioides species group (Acari: Blattisociidae): new characterisation, description of a new species, complementary notes on seven described species and a taxonomic key for the group, pp. 1-41 in Zootaxa 3980 (1) on pages 6-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3980.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28898
A Translation and Analysis of the Shanghai Museum Manuscript *<i>Wu Wang Jian Zuo</i>
No full textAlthough the *Wu wang jian zuo, published in the 7th volume of the Shanghai bowuguan cang Zhanguo Chu zhushu, has been available for nine years, scholars still lack a fully annotated English translation of the manuscript that reflects the current status of philological studies. This article translates not only the *Wu wang jian zuo manuscript, but also its transmitted counterpart, the “Wu wang jian zuo” chapter in the Da Dai Liji. After an introductory section discussing the problem of dating, textual parallelism and calligraphic style, I will provide original photographs, strict transcriptions, interpretive transcriptions, and translations of all the strips, and follow with a translation of corresponding texts in the received edition for comparison. In the last part, I shall discuss the differences between the manuscript and received versions from the viewpoint of redaction criticism.本文是對⟪上海博物館藏戰國楚竹書⟫第七冊⟪武王踐阼⟫以及⟪大戴禮記⟫中相應的傳世本的注釋、翻譯和分析。簡本⟪武王踐阼⟫自二零零八年發表以來，迄今還未有能綜合現有考釋成果的英譯本。全文分為導論、翻譯和分析三部分。導論部分討論簡本⟪武王踐阼⟫的年代、構成、流傳和字體風格等問題。翻譯部分以竹簡為單位分為十五段，每段都包括原簡圖片、不含標點的嚴格釋文、含標點的破讀釋文、英文翻譯、相應的傳世本內容以及傳世本的英文翻譯構成，以便進行比較。分析部分討論簡本與傳本的異同，并對傳本的改寫加工進行研究。link_to_subscribed_fulltex
Monodiamesa tibetica Makarchenko, Wu & Wang 2008
No full textMonodiamesa tibetica Makarchenko, Wu & Wang, 2008 (Fig. 9) According to the key to males of Saether (1973), M. tibetica is allocated to M. nitida, and highly possibly conspecific with each other. Indeed, the two species show great similarity in aspects of long inferior volsella, concave inner margin of SVo and with the anal point bearing setae only at base (Figs. 9A–C). However, M. tibetica could be separated from M. nitida by the lower AR value. The strange shape of IVo can be regarded as another collapsed case when mounting on a slide. We also have such an intermediate slide, with a globular subapex in the left and cylindric shape in the right. M. tibetica also show some similarity with M. bonalpicola sp. n. in aspect of low AR value, long pedestal of MVo (Fig. 9D) and distally rounded IVo, but the former species could be distinguished by having a developed basal median lobe (Fig. 9E) and gonostylus with concave inner margin. The synonym hypothesis between M. tibetica and M. nitida needs to be tested on the basis of more specimens, associated immature materials and molecular data. Material examined by Xiaolong Lin from NKU. Holotype male. CHINA: Tibet, Lhoka Prefecture, Nêdong County, Zetang Town, alt. 3700 m, ZIB Tibet Expedition, 02.x.1997, T. Solhøy and J. Skartveit.Published as part of Han, Wu, Tang, Hongqu & Ni, Zhenyu, 2021, DNA barcodes and morphology reveal two new species of Monodiamesa Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Prodiamesinae) in Tibetan Plateau, pp. 81-103 in Zootaxa 4990 (1) on page 98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/498288
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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