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<Articles>A Study of Wu-che-wei 兀者衛 in the Ming 明 Era
No full text個人情報保護のため削除部分あり兀者衛人は、明代の松花江流域に住んだツングース系部族の一種である。兀者衛に関する記録は、今日ではほとんど遺存せず、ただ朝鮮世宗二十一年(一四三九) 正月、都児也という兀者衛人が朝鮮に来朝し、そのさいの発言が『李朝世宗実録』に記るされるにすぎない。本論稿は、都児也の発言に即し、兀者衛の位置、生活様式につき考究したものである。第一・二章では、明代海西女直の範囲と兀者衛人朝鮮来朝の経過を論じ、第三章では、明代兀者衛の本拠が今日の吉林省烏拉街地方に在ったこと、第四章以下では、兀者衛人の牧畜、婚姻、結納、婚期、逆縁結婚、樹上葬の系譜等につき考察し、生活様式、ことに葬送形式および住地の近似性から、明代の兀者衛人が近世の赫哲族と系譜的に連らなるものであることを推定した。Wu-che-wei is a tribe of the Tunguses who lived in the basin of the Sungari River 松花江. Few records remain today concerning this tribe. In January of the 21st year of Korean Se-jong 世宗 (1439) a Wu-che-wei whose name was Tou-erh-yeh 都児也 visited Korea, and his words were recorded in Yijo-sejong-silnog 李朝世宗実録 (The Authentic Account of Se-jong in the Yi Dynasty). The writer deals, according to what Tou-erh-yeh told then, with the position, marriage, funeral on the tree, etc. of Wu-che-wei. In the first and second chapters he discusses the extent of Hai-hsinü-chih 海西女直 in the Ming era and the process of a Wu-che-wei coming to visit Korea, and in the third chapter he estimates that the base of Wu-che-wei in the Ming era was located in the district of Wu-la-chieh 烏拉街, Chi-lin-sheng 吉林省 as it is called now. From the fourth to the seventh chapter he makes comments on the system of marriage, a ceremonial exchange of betrothal gifts, the marriage age, levirate, funeral on the tree, etc. of Wu-che-wei, and estimates, from the similarity of their life and funeral styles and living quarters, that Wu-che-wei in the Ming era is congeneric with the Goldi 赫哲族 in modern ages
The Exponential Stability of the Nerve Axon Equations
No full text這篇論文統整了四篇文章，分別是參考文獻中的第三、四、五、六篇。
在第一章節中，我們統整FitzHugh所提出一般方程解的指數穩定性。對解做小擾動後，原本方程的指數穩定性可以由對應的線性化方程所決定。
在第二章節中，我們探討線性化方程和傅立葉轉換方程靜止指數穩定性的關係，其中這個矩陣[c d;e A]的特徵值和靜止指數穩定性有相關連。
在第三章節中，放了FitzHugh方程指數穩定性的證明及其傳動波波速的上、
下界。In this article, we survey the exponential stability of the nerve axon equations form Evans [3, 4], Sleeman [6], and Green and Sleeman [5].
In Section 1, we survey the stability of solution to the general system given by FitzHugh. Under small perturbations of a solution , the system can be characterized by the stability properties of the corresponding linearized system.
In Section 2, we explore the relation of the stability of the linearized system and the Fourier transform system. One can achieve a characterization of the stability at rest in terms of properties of the matrix [c d;e A].
The proof of the exponential stability of FitzHugh''s system and the characterization of the wave speed of the travelling wave solutions are put in Section 3
Finite Element Modeling and Analyses on Pattern Formation of Butterfly Wings
No full text摘要
涂林系統是用來解釋生物形態發生(Morphogenesis)的一種可行理論，也就是說生物的成長發育或生物斑紋圖案形成可用涂林系統描述。生物形態發生的動力來自形態素的擴散和反應，而造成圖案形成的原因在於使用兩種以上的化學物質，經由濃度擴散以及化學物之間的交互作用與自我催化而形成圖案。本研究藉由涂林系統模擬蝴蝶翅膀上的斑紋，模擬之蝴蝶對象包括蛇目蝶科(Satyrinae)和鳳蝶科(Papilionidae)翅膀上的斑紋，同時也討論翅膀上的翅脈和翅膀邊緣與活化劑的關係，以及涂林系統參數對系統的穩定度與波數關係。我們以2D和3D參數平面來表示穩定範圍及趨勢，另外討論系統的邊界條件對圖案形成的影響，還有以Source-Source、Source-Sink和擴散反應方程式這三種方法模擬翅室內的基本斑紋。本研究主要探討Joakim Linde、眼斑Dilão、G-M、G-S與Schnakenberg五種涂林系統，用以模擬涂林系統的工具為FEMLAB有限元素軟體。我們分別討論這五個系統的收斂速度，利用收斂速度最近似的兩個或兩個以上之系統，配合翅脈與活化劑的關係來模擬與分析蝴蝶斑紋。本研究發現在系統收斂速度上以眼斑Dilão和G-M系統最接近，在同一翅膀上套用這兩個涂林系統模擬出台灣黑蔭蝶(Lethe butleri)和尖尾黛眼蝶(Lethe sinorix)的斑紋，另外利用Dilão、Schnakenberg和G-M系統三個涂林系統模擬出寬帶黛眼蝶(Lethe Helena Leech)的斑紋。本研究發現以翅脈為邊界條件會對斑紋形成造成影響，利用此關係我們可根據模擬的蝴蝶對象選擇適合之邊界條件，另外模擬斑紋時涂林系統的波數參數對斑紋形成樣式也會造成影響，所以模擬蝴蝶斑紋必須重複修正邊界條件和微調波數參數，直到模擬出相似的斑紋。過去前人研究模擬生物斑紋均以矩形或圓形和單一的涂林系統來模擬生物體上某一區域的斑紋，本研究則進一步以完整的蝴蝶翅膀和複合的涂林系統來模擬全區域的斑紋，得到更佳的模擬效果。
關鍵字：涂林系統、生物斑紋形成、擴散反應方程式ABSTRACT
One of the elementary processes in morphogenesis is the formation of a spatial pattern of tissue structures. It has been shown that relatively simple molecular mechanisms based on auto and cross catalysis can account for a primary pattern of morphogens to determine pattern formation of the tissue. This study simulates and analyses butterfly wing pattern by using Turing system. The simulated wing patterns include Satyrinae and Papilionidae butterflies. We focus on the effect of key factors such as parameter values for mode selection, wave number, wing shape and boundary conditions. We express the stability and the tendency by constructing 2D and 3D parameter plane, and we discuss the boundary conditions of the system effect on pattern formation. Elementary patterns of butterfly wings are simulated by the source-sink, source-source and diffusion-reaction methods. This study utilizes five kinds of different Turing systems to simulate butterfly wing patterns. These systems are Joakim Linde Turing system, Dilão Turing system, Gierer-Meinhardt Turing system, Gray-Scott Turing system, and Schnakenberg Turing system. The finite element software FEMLAB was used for the simulation and analyses. Judging from their similar rate of convergence, Dilão and G-M systems were used to simulate wing patterns of Lethe butler and Lethe sinorix butterfly. We also used Dilão, G-M and Schnakenberg systems to simulate wing patterns of Lethe Helena Leech butterfly. In this study we found that wing pattern formation simulation is affected by two major factors of boundary condition and wave number parameters. The parameters are adjusted iteratively until the simulated pattern error is under a threshold. In contrast to simulate wing patterns of simple shape and using single Turing system, this study expands the scope to simulate whole butterfly wing patterns using composite Turing systems. As a result, more realistic butterfly wing patterns can be simulated and visualized.
Keywords: Turing system, Biological Pattern Formation, Diffusion Reaction目錄
摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 v
表目錄 vii
第一章 前言與研究目的 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻探討 4
2.1 形態發生學（MORPHOGENESIS） 4
2.1.1 動物斑紋 4
2.2 有限元素法的基本原理 5
2.2.1 有限元素法簡介 5
2.2.2 有限元素基本概念 6
2.2.3 FEMLAB有限元素軟體 6
2.2.4 FEMLAB解偏微分方程式 7
2.3 擴散反應系統(REACTION-DIFFUSION SYSTEM) 8
2.3.1 反應系統 8
2.3.2 涂林系統 9
2.3.3 涂林系統非線性方程式的線性化 12
2.4 蝴蝶翅膀之翅脈與花紋 17
2.4.1 蝴蝶簡介 17
2.4.2 蝶翅翅脈(Wing-veins) 17
2.4.3 蝶翅斑紋(Wing-pattern) 19
第三章 研究設備與方法 23
3.1 軟體架構與流程 23
3.1.1 有限差分法與有限元素法使用比較 23
3.1.2 蝴蝶翅脈影像 24
3.1.3 蝴蝶翅脈於FEMLAB有限元素軟體建模流程 26
3.2 有限元素法建立涂林系統之模組 30
3.2.1 擴散反應方程式係數穩定範圍 34
3.2.2 涂林系統波數 35
3.3 基本蝴蝶圖案模擬方法 37
3.3.1 基本圖案的建模方法 40
3.3.2 整合的模擬方法 40
3.4 涂林系統模擬蝴蝶斑紋之流程 41
第四章 結果與討論 43
4.1 涂林系統模擬範例 43
4.2 有限元素法與有限差分法之比較 53
4.3 涂林系統之分析理論 56
4.3.1 討論擴散反應方程式係數對圖案形成的影響 56
4.3.2 比較其它涂林系統 63
4.3.3 涂林系統之波數預測 70
4.3.4 涂林系統之邊界的影響 71
4-4 蝴蝶翅膀之基本花紋模擬 79
4-5 以翅脈模擬蝴蝶斑紋 86
第五章 結論與建議 101
5.1 結論 101
5.2 建議 104
參考文獻 10
A Study on the Management of Religious Land Supply System
No full text台灣宗教土地管理與法令介面整合的缺漏，及層出不窮的宗教土地(或其設施)使用違規的案例，加深了民眾對宗教用地管理制度的不信任；而違規宗教土地使用對環境所造成的衝擊，其成本與後果也將由全國人民與後代子孫共同承擔。為了國土資源保育與永續經營管理，的確需要一套合宜及能有效操作執行的宗教土地供給管理機制，來應付現階段宗教使用所衍生的龐大問題。
近年來，空間規劃在分權化、自由化等潮流的影響下，面臨一連串的衝擊與衍生轉變的壓力。過去規劃思維，經過時空環境變遷與價值觀念轉換，已漸漸醞釀出改革的力量。
本研究內容主要為分析宗教用地的需求特性與供需體系的現況問題，本研究工作將著重於滿足未來新開發用地需求的解決方法，提出概念性的架構並就相關議題進行分析，並針對既有違規使用的宗教用地解決途徑及相關問題加以分析。
研究目標主要包含宗教用地之開發控制系統，與違規宗教用地之土地管理機制兩大部分：一是宗教用地開發控制系統之建議；二為違規宗教用地之因應措施。此次研究發現因宗教用地具有高度不確定性，且使用性質為多元使用，其使用分區應採用「浮動分區」的方式，透過開發許可制之審議機制，提出適宜的宗教用地之權利與義務。Due to the poor integration of land use management system and religious land demand, numerous cases of illegal religious land development can be found in Taiwan. It is evident that the religious land use management system in Taiwan needs to be improved. On the one hand, illegal religious land uses have caused environmental externality to the general public and next generation, and on the other hand, a supply system is needed to cope with the increasing demand for religious land. For the sake of sustainable development, it is a critical task to development an appropriate land use management system for religious land development.
In the past decades, the spatial planning system has evolved and changed toward decentralization and deregulation for land use control. Along with the changing of planning paradigm, land use management system needs innovative improvement either. Therefore, this research starts with the problem identification of characteristics analysis of religious land uses, and then tries to identify the solutions for future religious land demand by means of a conceptual proposal.
More specifically, the main purpose of this research includes two parts, one is to propose a new framework for land use management system to meet the future demand for new development, and the other one is to identify a strategy to solve the illegal land use issues of religious buildings. Given the nature of high uncertainty and increasing complexity of religious land demand, it is concluded that a combination of “floating zoning” and “development permission system” should be able to improve the existing land use management system to better deal with the increasing religious land demand.中文摘要 Ⅰ
英文摘要 II
目錄 III
圖目錄 Ⅴ
表目錄 VI
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的 1-1
第二節 研究範圍 1-7
第三節 研究方法與流程 1-9
第二章 理論與文獻回顧
第一節 土地供給管理系統 2-1
第二節 土地供給回饋理論與文獻 2-17
第三節 宗教活動空間相關文獻研究 2-34
第三章 美、日宗教用地政策與宗教土地供給系統
第一節 美國宗教土地供給體系與「宗教土地使用及法人法」 3-2
第二節 日本宗教政策及其用地供給相關規定 3-11
第三節 小結 3-35
第四章 我國宗教用地土地供給系統相關法令與案例
第一節 我國宗教用地開發制度 4-2
第二節 宗教用地案例分析 4-38
第三節 小結 4-61
第五章 宗教用地違規使用與違章建築
第一節 宗教用地違規之類型 5-1
第二節 宗教用地土地使用違規原因之分析 5-11
第三節 宗教用地土地使用違規之解決方向與對策 5-13
第六章 宗教用地供給管理系統改善建議
第一節 宗教用地供給管理系統之課題與對策 6-1
第二節 宗教用地開發控制模式之研擬 6-9
第七章 結論與建議
第一節 結論 7-1
第二節 建議 7-5
參考文獻 R-1
圖 目 錄
頁次
圖1-1 研究流程圖 1-11
圖3-1 日本國土開發相關計畫圖 3-13
圖3-2 日本都市計畫制定程序圖(都道府縣層級) 3-14
圖3-3 日本都市計畫制定程序圖(區市盯村層級) 3-15
圖3-4 日本廣島縣竹原市都市未來構造圖 3-16
圖3-5 日本用途地域分類一覽圖 3-24
圖3-6 建築基準法第28條規定用途地域允許使用類型 3-25
圖4-1 都市計畫通盤檢討、個案變更辦理程序流程圖 4-23/24
圖4-2 宗教用地案例位置示意圖 4-38
圖4-3 高雄市楠梓區慈雲寺位置示意圖 4-39
圖4-4 慈雲寺大殿及廂房 4-41
圖4-5 雲寺蓮池寶塔 4-41
圖4-6 高雄市三民區慈濟志業中心位置示意圖 4-43
圖4-7 興建中之高雄慈濟志業中心(I) 4-44
圖4-8 興建中之高雄慈濟志業中心(II) 4-44
圖4-9 高雄市左營區蓮潭路西側保存區整體規劃設計案規劃範圍示意圖 4-48
圖4-10 高雄市左營區蓮潭路西側保存區整體規劃設計案土地使用現況圖 4-49
圖4-11 高雄市左營區蓮潭路西側保存區整體規劃設計案土地使用與活動現況說明圖 4-51
圖4-12 啟明堂現況照片 4-53
圖4-13 慈濟宮現況照片 4-53
圖4-14 高雄市左營區蓮潭路西側保存區整體規劃設計案開發規範構想圖 4-56
圖4-15 高雄市左營區蓮潭路西側保存區整體規劃設計案規劃後示意圖 4-59
圖5-1 宗教設施違反使用分區規定(高雄市都市計畫道路用地) 5-3
圖5-2 佔用人行道作宗教使用 5-7
圖5-3 臨時搭建之寺廟 5-7
圖5-4 未來輔導宗教使用合法化辦理流程 5-14
圖6-1 宗教用地開發許可策略擬定流程圖 6-9
圖6-2 宗教用地開發許可策略推動架構 6-13
表 目 錄
頁次
表1-1 民國93年臺閩地區各宗教教務概況 1-8
表2-1 成長管理定義一覽表 2-10
表2-2 民眾參與之定義 2-15
表2-3 付費之理念與性質差異整理表 2-20
表2-4 美國、英國回饋課徵時機一覽表 2-33
表2-5 美國、英國回饋制度比較 2-33
表3-1 日本土地利用地域區分表 3-12
表3-2 日本都市計畫的種類 3-18
表3-3 日本都市計畫內容、種類制定層級區分表 3-20
表3-4 日本農地轉用區域之許可同意層級與相關規定 3-27
表3-5 開發許可申請地點及相關規定表 3-27
表3-6 開發許可道路設置標準表 3-29
表3-7 開發許可公園設置標準表 3-29
表4-1 各級宗教團體主管機關業務執掌表 4-5
表4-2 台北市土地使用分區第四十四組(宗祠及宗教建築)附條件允許使用核准條件
4-8
表4-3 台北市土地使用分區第四十四組(宗祠及宗教建築)使用強度相關規定一覽表
4-10
表4-4 高雄市宗教土地使用分區使用強度相關規定一覽表 4-14
表4-5 台灣省宗教土地使用分區使用強度相關規定一覽表 4-17
表4-6 使用分區內乙種、丙種建築用地、遊憩用地變更編定原則表 4-18
表4-7 工業區變更為其他使用分區許可條件 4-28
表4-8 高雄市土地使用分變更後公共設施用地及其他都市發展用地負擔比例表 4-31
表4-9 高雄市負擔比例計算標準表 4-31
表4-10 非都市土地各種開發型態所應徵收開發影響費之項目表 4-34
表4-11 非都市土地開發影響費計算公式 4-35
表4-12 變更高雄市凹仔底地區都市計畫部分工業區為社會福利專用區變更前後面積對照表
4-46
表4-13 高雄市左營區蓮潭路西側保存區整體規劃設計案土地使用項目配置綜理表
4-58
表6-1 宗教用地之土地使用問題比較 6-
Use of Vivostat® Autologous Fibrin Sealant in Thyroid Surgery
No full textPost-thyroidectomy hemorrhage is a rare but potentially life-threatening and unpredictable complication of thyroid surgery. Therefore, intraoperative bleeding control and hemostasis are crucial. However, the most efficient, cost-effective, and standardized way to achieve this is not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of total thyroidectomy (TT) and partial thyroidectomy (PT) performed using the Vivostat® hemostatic system (Vivostat A/S, Lillerød, Denmark)
New Paradigms for Neural Monitoring in Thyroid Surgery
No full textWu, Che-Wei/0000-0003-1052-5348; Caruso, Ettore/0000-0003-4706-9315Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in thyroid gland surgery provides real-time feedback to the endocrine surgeon regarding the electrophysiological consequences of surgical manipulation of the laryngeal nerves. the goal of monitoring modalities is to detect surgical or physiological insults to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) while they are still reversible or, in cases where prevention is not an option, to minimize the damage done to these structures during thyroidectomy. in recent decades, monitoring of the RLN has become a fundamental part of endocrine surgery. IONM is a feasible procedure in both open and endoscopic, robotic thyroidectomy. Experts in IONM have organized a working group of general, endocrine, head and neck ENT surgeons and endocrinologists (International Neural Monitoring Study Group; INMSG) to develop standards for practicing this technique in endoscopic and robotic thyroidectomy. This paper presents recent clinical and research experience with intraoperative neural monitoring for thyroid gland surgery
Optimal stimulation during monitored thyroid surgery: EMG response characteristics in a porcine model
No full textObjectives: To compare electromyography (EMG) characteristics of the external branch of superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN), recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and vagus nerve (VN) evoked with different stimulation probes/dissectors during monitored thyroid surgery. Study Design: Experimental porcine model. Methods: In five piglets (10 EBSLNs/RLNs/VNs), laryngeal EMG was recorded by endotracheal tube surface electrodes with stimulation using five monopolar probes (group I), three bipolar probes (group II), and two stimulation dissectors (group III). The detectable EMG response (DER) was defined as > 100 μV and was obtained with these different probes/dissectors. Electromyography parameters, stimulus-response curve, and distance-sensitivity results were compared. Results: All stimulation probes/dissectors evoked typical EMG waveforms from the EBSLN/RLN/VN with 1 mA current. A stimulus-response curve with increasing EMG amplitude with increase in stimulating current was noted, with the maximum EMG elicited by group I/III probes/dissectors at < 1 mA and at a higher current for group II probes. All groups recorded lower evoked EMG amplitudes when the nerve was stimulated with overlying fascia or when probe/dissector to nerve distance was greater. The mean amplitude decreased by 11%/33%/13% in group I/II/III probes/dissectors when stimulating nerves covered by fascia versus nerves dissected free of overlying fascia. The rate of obtaining DER at 1- or 2-mm distance was significantly higher in group I than in group II/III probes/dissectors (P < 0.001). Latency did not change with any of the stimulation probes/dissectors or trials. Conclusion: Monopolar, bipolar probes, and newer stimulation dissectors all provided valid evoked VN/RLN/EBSLN waveforms. They have different functional sensitivity profiles and vary when stimulating with fascia and at a distance from the nerve. Selection of a stimulation probe/dissector for nerve monitoring can be based on the stimulation characteristics, the intended nerve monitoring application, and the surgeon's preference. Level of Evidence: N/A. Laryngoscope, 127:998–1005, 2017
The electrophysiology of thyroid surgery: electrophysiologic and muscular responses with stimulation of the vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
No full textObjectives/Hypothesis: Correlation of physiologically important electromyographic (EMG) waveforms with demonstrable muscle activation is important for the reliable interpretation of evoked waveforms during intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) of the vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) in thyroid surgery. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Data were reviewed retrospectively for thyroid surgery patients with laryngeal nerve IONM from January to December, 2015. EMG responses to monopolar stimulation of the vagus/RLN and EBSLN were recorded in bilateral vocalis, cricothyroid (CTM), and strap muscles using endotracheal tube-based surface and intramuscular hook electrodes, respectively. Target muscles for vagal/RLN and EBSLN stimulation were the ipsilateral vocalis and CTM, respectively. All other recording channels were nontarget muscles. Results: Fifty surgical sides were identified in 37 subjects. All target muscle mean amplitudes were significantly higher than in nontarget muscles. With vagal/RLN stimulation, target ipsilateral vocalis mean amplitude was 1,095.7 μV (mean difference range = −814.1 to −1,078 μV, P <.0001). For EBSLN stimulation, target ipsilateral CTM mean amplitude was 6,379.3 μV (mean difference range = −6,222.6 to −6,362.3 μV, P <.0001). Target muscle large-amplitude EMG responses correlated with meaningful visual or palpable muscular responses, whereas nontarget EMG responses showed no meaningful muscle activation. Conclusions: Target and nontarget laryngeal muscles are differentiated based on divergence of EMG response directly correlating with presence or absence of visual and palpable muscle activation. Low-amplitude EMG waveforms in nontarget muscles with neural stimulation can be explained by the concept of far-field artifactual waveforms and do not correspond to a true muscular response. The surgeon should be aware of these nonphysiologic waveforms when interpreting and applying IONM during thyroid surgery. Level of Evidence: 4 Laryngoscope, 127:764–771, 2017
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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