1,721,087 research outputs found
Semi-Presidentialism and Strategic Restructing of the Constitution
No full text在半總統制的研究當中，最常被探討的主題是制度與民主存續之間的關係，但是對於修憲的政治學卻鮮少討論。本文探究半總統制如何被操縱與修改以符合政治菁英本身的利益，也就是策略性的修憲。半總統制的制度特性提供了策略性修憲的寬裕空間。就內容而言，策略性修憲可分為「加大總統權力型」與「加大國會權力型」。就動機而言，可以分為「獲取型」與「防制型」。本文假設當在位者預期本陣營將可取得總統職位，或預期對手將獲得總理職位時，則可能發動修憲來增強總統職位的權力；第二個是當在位者預期本陣營將可取得總理職位，或預期對手將取得總統職位時，則可能發動修憲來增強國會權力。透過對於土耳其、烏克蘭、喬治亞、中華民國和俄羅斯等五個半總統制國家策略性修憲事例的探討，本文驗證了上述的假設，並根據事例提出策略性修憲成敗的主要關鍵，是必須使得憲法權力流動的方向（增強總統或增強國會）配合執政者對於選舉的預測。Constitutional changes involving semi-presidentialism are more common than those having nothing to do with this hybrid system. The primary reason is that the institutional distance between parliamentarism and semi-presidentialism, and that between presidentialism and semi-presidentialism are shorter than the one between parliamentarism and presidentialism. This fact makes it easier for dominant political actors under semi-presidentialism to tinker with constitutional restructuring to enhance their political careers, or to sabotage those of their rivals. Empirical cases abound. Constitutional changes involving semi-presidentialism are of two types in terms of their direction: president-enhancing and parliament- enhancing. They can also be classified in terms of their motivation into two types: acquisitive and preventive, depending on whether the constitutional restructuring is for the benefits of the incumbents or for curbing the powers of their opponents. This article offers the assumptions that prominent incumbents are likely to launch acquisitive constitutional reform in the same direction as their expected career shifts, and that they tend to launch preventive constitutional reform to curb the powers of the constitutional positions that their rivals are likely to take. The cases of Turkey, Ukraine, Georgia, Taiwan, and Russia are explored and compared to test the assumptions. It is found that the success of strategic restructuring of the constitution hinges on the elite’s ability to shift constitutional power balance towards their electoral expectations and the accuracy of those expectations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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