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Syntheses and Photovoltaic Characterizations of Polycarbazole Derivatives with Benzothiadiazole Side Chain
No full text本研究目的為合成出帶有苯並噻雙唑(Benzothiadiazole)側鏈的卡唑單體，再透過Yamamoto反應聚合均聚物(Homopolymer) P1，以及利用Stille反應與雙錫官能機的噻吩共聚成共聚物(Copolymer)P2。由凝膠滲透層析儀(Gel permeation chromatography, GPC)分析結果，P1之重量平均分子量(M¬¬w)為3775 g/mol而P2之Mw分佈在1000~2000 g/mol左右。熱重分析(Thermogravimetry analysis)結果則顯示P1和P2足以耐熱至200 oC以上，具有很好的熱穩定性。由光學性質的測試，P1和P2由於都帶有分子內的電子予體/電子施體(Donor/Acceptor)結構，所以在紫外-可見光(UV-visible)吸收光譜皆有兩個特性吸收峰，從光譜上可得出P1及P2之能隙(Band gap)分別為2.33 eV及2.38 eV。經循環伏安法(Cyclic voltammetry, CV)測試電化學性質，P2比P1擁有更高的氧化電位(1.3 eV)，表示引入噻吩共聚可以有效提升分子的抗氧化性質，同時具有較低的最高電子填滿軌域(Highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO)能階，較有機會作為高效率的高分子太陽能電池材料。In this studies, carbaozle derivative monomers with benzothiadiazole side chain were synthesized and polymerized. Two novel polymer, Poly[9-(2,5-bis(hexyloxy)-4- (4-(5-methyl- thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-7-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole] (P1)nd poly[9-(2,5-bis(hexyloxy)-4-(4-(5-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol--yl) phenyl)-9H-carbazole-alt-thiophene] (P2) were synthesized via Yamamoto coupling and Stille coupling reactions. According to thermogravimetry analysis, P1 and P2 possess great thermal stability. Due to the intramolecular electron donor-acceptor structure, the UV-visible absorption spectrum of polymers have two significant peak. From the absorption spectrum, P1 exhibits lower band gap (2.33 eV) than P2 (2.38 eV). In electrochemical analysis, copolymer P2 possesses lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level (-5.57 eV) than homopolymer P1 (5.16 eV). Althogh P2 has higher band gap, P2 has lower HOMO which is essential parameter for high efficiency polymer solar cells. From the above analysis, carbazole derivatives with benzothiadiazoel side chain have potential for applications of polymer photovoltaics.摘要 IBSTRACT II錄 III目錄 V目錄 VI一章 緒論 1-1 前言 1-2 研究動機 1二章 文獻回顧 3-1 有機太陽能電池歷史簡介 3-2 有機太陽能電池運作原理 4-2.1 雙層(或多層)異質接面元件簡介 9-2.2 單層異質接面元件介紹 10-3 有機太陽能電池特性分析 11-3.1 開路電壓 11-3.2 短路電流 12-3.3 填充因子 12-3.4 能量轉換效率 13-3.5 影響元件效率之製程參數 14-3.6 提升元件效率之製程 14-4 高分子太陽能電池材料回顧 16-4.1 聚芴(Polyfluorene)系列 18-4.2 含矽原子聚合物系列 19-4.3 聚卡唑(Polycarbazole)系列 19-4.4 共軛側鏈聚合物 20-4.5 總結 21三章 實驗部分 33-1 實驗藥品與溶劑 33-3 實驗儀器 36-4 單體及聚合流程 39-5 合成步驟 43四章 結果與討論 50-1 合成結果分析 50-2 熱穩定性質探討 51-3 光學性質探討 53-4 電化學性質探討 56五章 結論 59考文獻 60錄 6
Risk Factors of Preterm and Low Birth Weight Newborn on Singleton and Multiple Births
No full text雙胞胎實為早產及低出生體重之高風險族群，早產及低出生體重更為新生兒健康及死亡之重要中介因子，過去在探究其風險因子時，欠缺將單胞胎及雙胞胎分開探討之研究。
本研究透過「衛生體系出生通報資料庫」，研究資料為93至94年度所有通報之出生資料，使用SPSS12.0統計軟體，藉以釐清胎性在新生兒健康狀態中的影響。
研究結果：首先在早產比率方面，妊娠週數小於37周者依全體、單胞胎、雙胞胎及多胞胎為9.6%、8.0%、63.3%、97.3%，以出生體重來看，小於2500公克為低出生體重，依全體、單胞胎、雙胞胎及多胞胎為8.2%、6.6%、66.0%、96.3%。
其次發現不論在全體、單胞胎及雙胞胎上，在早產方面，新生兒性別為男性、產婦身分為本國、產婦年齡、低出生體重、產婦心臟疾病、產婦肺病、產婦羊水異常、產婦海洋性貧血、產婦孕期抽煙、產婦孕期酗酒、產婦藥癮、產婦曾生早產或低出生體重兒、產婦糖尿病、產婦妊娠糖尿病、產婦梅毒、產婦妊娠毒血症、產婦腎臟病、產婦懷孕高血壓、產婦子宮頸閉鎖不全皆會增加早產的風險。在低出生體重危險因子方面，新生兒性別為女性、產婦年齡、早產、產婦肺病、產婦羊水異常、產婦海洋性貧血、產婦孕期抽煙、產婦孕期酗酒、產婦藥癮、產婦曾生早產或低出生體重兒、產婦妊娠毒血症、產婦腎臟病、產婦懷孕高血壓、產婦子宮頸閉鎖不全皆會增加低出生體重的風險。唯雙胞胎及單胞胎間之OR值略有不同。
其他不一致的結果包括，母親年齡上，對雙胞胎早產沒有影響，對雙胞胎低出生體重方面，母親年紀越小風險越大，母親年紀越大風險越小和單胞胎不同。剖腹生產與單胞胎的早產及低出生體重有關，雙胞胎則呈現相反結果。產婦貧血及慢性高血壓為單胞胎早產及低出生體重的危險因子，雙胞胎則無。在低出生體重方面，產婦身份為本國、產婦心臟疾病、產婦不曾生過重兒、產婦糖尿病、產婦妊娠糖尿病、產婦梅毒亦會增加單胞胎的低出生體重的風險，雙胞胎則無。本研究將早產及低出生體重進行交叉分組分析，並做單、雙、多胞胎的比較。
本研究建議未來應進行單、雙、多胞胎的健康相關的比較研究。The purpose of this study was to understand the risk factors of Preterm and Low Birth Weight Newborn on Singleton and Multiple Births. Twins are usually divided into high risk population of Preterm and Low birth Weight Newborns. However, the previous studies rarely concentrate on the cooperation between singleton and twins.
This study based on the birth registration data between 2004 and 2005 from bureau of health promotion, department of health, R.O.C. (Taiwan). The analysis method is used SPSS12.0,
The results as followed: First of all, the percentage of Preterm for those pregnant weeks less than 37 weeks are listed as all (9.6%), singleton (8.0%), twins (63.3%) and multiple births (97.3%). Under the consideration of Low birth weight (under 2500g), the percentage of all is 8.2% when singleton is 6.6%, twins at 66% and multiple births at 96.3%.
Moreover, this study founds that no matter of all newborn ,singleton and twins, the risk of preterm birth (<37 weeks’ gestation) is increased by the factors of male sex, Taiwanese gravida, maternal age, low birth weight, heart disease, pneumonopathy, amniotic fluid anomaly, thalassemia, interogestate smoking, interogestate drink, interogestate drug addiction, previous preterm or low birth weight experience, diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitu, syphilis, pre-eclampsia, nephritic disease, gestation hypertension and cervical incompetence.
Furthermore, the significant risks of low birth weight among all newborns are female sex , maternal age, preterm, maternal pneumonopathy, amniotic fluid anomaly, thalassemia, interogestate smoking, interogestate drink, interogestate drug addiction, had preterm or birth weight, pre-eclampsia, nephritic disease, chronic hypertension, gestation hypertension and cervical incompetence.
No matter preterm or low weight birth, singleton has similar situation as all birth, but twins has slightly differences on OR rates compared with singleton.
Other differences between twins and singleton are included that maternal age has no relation with preterm birth on twins, while the rate of twins’ low weight birth has changing by maternal age. When maternal age is younger, the risk of low weight birth for twins becomes higher. Otherwise, caesarean will increase preterm and low birth weight risk on singleton, but twins is opposite. Maternal anemia and chronic hypertension also increase preterm and low birth weight risk on singleton ,but not in twins. In the sector of low birth weight, Taiwanese Nationality gravida, maternal anemia, heart disease, gestational diabetes mellitu,no experience on overweight birth, diabetes mellitus and syphilis will increase low birth weight risk on singleton ,but twins is not. This result is different with those analyses on singleton.
This study uses cross analysis between preterm birth and low weight birth group, as well as compares the differences within singleton, twins and multiple births.
I suggest that further researches can focus on the health relative studies on singleton, twins and multiple birth comparison.致謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iv
目錄 vi
圖表目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究緣起 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻探討 3
第一節 早產與低出生體重影響因素相關研究 3
一、早產與低出生體重定義 3
二、新生兒健康指標 4
三、早產及低出生體重相關因素 4
四、早產及低出生體重比率 10
第二節 國內雙多胞胎研究 12
第三節 單、雙胞胎出生相關因素比較研究 14
第三章 研究方法 15
第一節 研究架構 15
第二節 研究假設 16
第三節 研究變項與操作型定義 17
一、自變項 17
二、依變項 18
第四節 資料來源 19
一、背景 19
二、出生通報資料庫 19
第五節 資料分析方法 20
第四章 研究結果 21
第一節 不同胎性出生相關因素之比較 21
一、民國93及94年度全體出生通報描述性分析 21
二、民國93及94年度出生通報資料之胎性比較 22
三、胎性對妊娠週數與出生體重之關係 26
第二節 胎性與早產危險因子 29
一、全體通報新生兒早產危險因子分析 29
二、早產危險因子之胎性比較 44
第三節 胎性與低出生體重危險因子 48
一、全體通報新生兒低出生體重危險因子分析 48
二、低出生體重危險因子之胎性比較 63
第四節 早產及低出生體重交叉比較 67
一、早產與低出生體重交叉分組之新生兒活死產率 67
二、早產與低出生體重交叉分組之新生兒APGAR SCORE 69
第五章 討論 72
第一節 不同胎性早產與低出生體重兒比率比較 72
第二節 不同胎性早產及低出生體重兒危險因子比較 75
一、性別 75
二、母親年齡 75
三、國籍別 76
四、曾有早產或低出生體重經驗 77
五、母親行為 77
六、母親疾病 78
第三節 研究限制 80
第六章 結論與建議 81
參考文獻 8
A Study on Expressing the Hamiltonian Path Problem inecond-Order Logic with Some Additional Predicate Symbols
No full text邏輯是數學裡專門探討敘述的推理演繹的一個分支，被認定為推理的研究。由於數學的質是由關於數學物件的敘述以及驗證這些敘述的證明所構成，因此，整個數學領域可以用輯加以分析。而理論電腦科學的核心部分---演算法，其觀念的基礎就是計算的觀念，也是數學物件，可由邏輯分析之。在這篇論文裡，我們提供了邏輯的基本性質，並且利用這些質來研究一些計算問題，特別是漢彌爾頓路徑(Hamiltonian Path)這個圖型理論的問題。Logic is a branch of mathematics that investigates the deductions about statements and is recognizeds the study of reasoning. Because of this, the whole mathematics can be investigatedy logic and is even governed by it since the essentials of mathematics consist of statementsbout mathematical objects and the proofs that verify these statements. Since the underlyingoncept of algorithms, the critical part of theoretical computer science, is that of computation,hich is also a mathematical object, it can aslo be analyzed by logic. In this thesis we providehe basic properties of logic, and then use them to investigate some computational problems,specially the graph-theoretic problem Hamiltonian path.1 Introduction 1.1 Prolog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Categories inside Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Computational Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Topics on Propositional Logic 4.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.1 Equvalence between Propositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 Deduction Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Topics on Predicate Logic 19.1 First-order Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.1 Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1.2 Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1.3 Deduction Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.1.4 Weakness of First-Order Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2 Second-Order Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.3 Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Graph-Theoretic Problems as Expressed in Logical Formulae 31.1 Prolog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 The Successor Function in Graph-Theoretic Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Concluding Remarks 37ibliography 3
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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