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Characteristics and genesis of Inceptisols with placic horizons in the subalpine forest soils of Taiwan
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Characteristics, Pedogenesis and Classification of Podzolic Soils in Tai-Ping Mountain of Ilan
No full text本研究選取宜蘭縣境內太平山地區10個淋澱化土壤樣體，研究其土壤形態特徵、理化特性、礦物組成及元素分佈狀態，並且探討其化育作用與分類。選取的土壤樣體可以分類為弱育土、具薄膠層土壤及極育土三類。研究地區海拔約為1900至2000公尺，母質為黏板岩，主要植生種類為紅檜(Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum)以及台灣杉(Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay.)，年降雨量約3000公釐且雨季集中於4到10月，土壤水分境況為濕潤(udic)而土壤溫度境況則屬於溫和(mesic)。土壤物理特性顯示洗入作用為研究地區薄膠層生成之前最為優勢之土壤化育作用，化學性質方面則顯示極育土中主要由有機態-鐵錯合物為主要成分，而薄膠層則以游離態之氧化鐵所組成。此外分析薄膠層鐵物質之成分則發現主要由弱結晶性的針鐵礦(goethite)、纖鐵礦(lepidocrocite)、水合氧化鐵礦(ferrihydrite)及少許的赤鐵礦(hematite)所組成，研究地區土壤中之主要黏土礦物種類為蛭石、蛭石-伊萊石混層礦物以及伊萊石，其風化序列為綠泥石及伊萊石→蛭石及蛭石-伊萊石混層礦物→水合層間蛭石(HIV)及高嶺石→水鋁氧。
研究結果顯示，具薄膠層土壤與極育土之間存在著側向洗出洗入作用(lateral eluviation-illuviation)，可見地形為兩者化育差異的控制因子。而薄膠層之生成機制為：(1)強烈的洗入作用導致土壤樣體出現上粗下細之質地變化，並在該層界形成暫棲水位導致鐵物質呈現還原狀態；(2)處於略微傾斜的地理位置之土壤會因側向流動作用導致暫棲水位快速變動，提供快速且劇烈的氧化與還原交替作用；(3)待土體呈現氧化狀態時，鐵物質即在粗質地下部層界氧化、累積並且包覆粗顆粒物質形成薄膠層下部主體；(4)吸附來自表土之有機質形成上黑下紅之薄膠層。而值得注意的是較高之土壤pH值有利於薄膠層之生成，但是會抑制淋澱化作用之進行，研究地區pH值≧5.0似乎是薄膠層成因的一個重要因子，同時也可能是淋澱化作用之限制因子。研究地區土壤風化序列為新成土→弱育土→極育土或具薄膠層極育土。
土壤分類方面，研究地區具薄膠層土壤及極育土的土壤分類結果皆無法明確表現出其土壤特性，因此建議在美國分類系統(Soil Taxonomy)增加薄膠濕潤弱育土(Placudepts)大土類、薄膠浸水型簡育濕潤極育土(Placoaquic Hapludults)亞類及淋澱型簡育濕潤極育土(Spodic Hapludults)亞類，而在世界土壤分類系統(WRB system)增加薄膠型極育土(Placic Lixisols)與薄膠型變育土(Placic Cambisols)之亞類，以因應類似研究地區之土壤。
依據各類元素在土壤剖面不同深度含量之分佈狀態可將元素種類分類為：(1)累積於土表之元素：鈉、鉀、鎂、錳；(2)累積於B層之元素：鎵、鉻；及(3)與薄膠層生成有關之元素：銦。由於在薄膠層的生成過程中對於元素銦(In)具有強大的吸附能力，因此元素銦(In)的含量將可作為薄膠層的生成指標。Ten podzolic soil pedons were selected to study the soil morphology, characteristics, material composition, pedogenesis, elements distribution, and classification in Tai-Ping mountain region of Taiwan. The podzolic soils in the study area can be divided into three classes including Inceptisols, soils with placic horizon, and Ultisols. The selected pedons had an elevation ranging from 1900 to 2100 m and were derived from slate. The vegetation types are dominated by red cypress (Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum) and Taiwan Chinese fir (Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay). The annual rainfall is about 3000 mm and mostly falls from April to October. The soil moisture regime is udic and the soil temperature regime is mesic. The soil physical properties showed that the illuviation process of clay particle was the dominant pedogenic process which occurred in the study area before the formation of the placic horizon. The chemical properties showed that the Ultisols appeared to be dominated by the organic-Fe types but the placic horizons appeared to be dominated by free iron oxides. On the other hand, the placic horizons are composed of poor crystalline goethite, lepidocrocite, ferrihydrite, and some hematite. All soil pedons are dominated by vermiculite, interstratified vermiculite-illite minerals, and illite. The weathering sequence of clay minerals in the study area is proposed as: illite and chlorite → vermiculite and interstratified vermiculite-illite minerals → HIV and kaolinite → gibbsite.
Lateral eluviation-illuviation occurred between the soils with placic horizon and the Ultisols. This result showed that the relief is the important controling factor of the genesis variation between soils with placic horizon and Ultisols. The genesis of placic horizon in the study area is proposed to have four stages. First stage, the perched water was formed on the surface after heavy rainfall owing to the abrupt textureal change due to strong illuviation. Second stage, the lateral flow which was induced from the slightly sloping area caused the perch water table to fluctuate rapidly thereby ehancing the fast re-oxidation alteration environment. Third stage, the soluble iron was re-oxidized, precipitated, and coated on coarse particles to form the placic horizon at the boundary between the eluvial and illuvial horizons after the perched water was drained. Fourth stage, the organic matter was adsorbed by iron oxide as shown in the characteristic morphology of the upper part of the placic horizon which is black and red in its lower part. The high pH value (>5) of the study area may be one important factor that favored the placic horizon genesis but retarded podzolization. The soil sequence in the study area is as follows: Entisols→Inceptisols→Ultisols or Ultisols with placic horizons.
The results of soil classification can not show the properties of placic horizons in the study area. I propose that a Placudepts should be included in the Great Group of Udepts. Moreover, Spodic Hapludults and Placoaquic Hapludults should be included in the subgroup of Hapludults in Soil Taxonomy. On the other hand, Placic Lixisols and Placic Cambisols should also be included in the subdivisions of Lixisols and Cambisols in the World reference base for soil resources system (WRB system).
Based on the distribution of elements in the soil profiles, the elements can be divided into three classes, such as (1)elements concentrated in the topsoil: sodium, .potassium, magnesium, and manganese; (2)elements concentrated in the B horizon: Gallium and Chromium; and (3)element concentrated in relation to the placic horizon genesis: Indium. Because Indium (In) can be strongly adsorbed in the placic horizon during the formation process, it would be a good indicator for placic horizon genesis.中文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅰ
英文摘要----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅲ
目錄----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅴ
圖目錄-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅶ
表目錄-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅸ
第一章、前言----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
第二章、前人研究----------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
第一節、淋澱土-------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
第二節、極育土-------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
第三節、薄膠層-------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
第四節、土壤元素分佈----------------------------------------------------------- 20
第三章、材料與方法-------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
一、研究地區環境概況與土壤樣體之選擇----------------------------- 30
二、土壤樣體之採集------------------------------------------------------ 30
三、土壤樣品之處理-------------------------------------------------------- 34
四、微形態觀察所需樣品之採集------------------------------------------ 34
五、土壤樣體分析項目----------------------------------------------------- 34
第四章、結果與討論-------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
第一節、土壤樣體形態特徵與環境因子--------------------------------------- 47
一、TF1土壤樣體------------------------------------------------------------ 47
二、TF2土壤樣體------------------------------------------------------------ 56
三、TF3土壤樣體------------------------------------------------------------ 58
四、TF4土壤樣體------------------------------------------------------------ 58
五、TF5土壤樣體------------------------------------------------------------ 61
六、TF6土壤樣體----------------------------------------------------------- 63
七、TF7土壤樣體------------------------------------------------------------ 63
八、TF8土壤樣體------------------------------------------------------------ 66
九、TF9土壤樣體----------------------------------------------------------- 68
十、TF10土壤樣體---------------------------------------------------------- 68
十一、土壤樣體形態特徵探討--------------------------------------------- 71
第二節、土壤樣體微形態特徵描述--------------------------------------------- 74
一、弱育土之土壤樣體微形態特徵--------------------------------------- 74
二、極育土之土壤樣體微形態特徵--------------------------------------- 76
三、具薄膠層土壤之土壤樣體微形態特徵------------------------------ 77
四、土壤樣體微形態特徵探討--------------------------------------------- 80
第三節、土壤樣體之理化性質--------------------------------------------------- 81
一、土壤樣體之物理性質–------------------------------------------------- 81
二、土壤樣體之化學性質--------------------------------------------------- 86
三、土壤樣體之選擇性化學性質------------------------------------------ 87
四、薄膠層成分之定性------------------------------------------------------ 94
第四節、土壤樣體黏土礦物之組成與鑑定----------------------------------- 96
一、洗出層之黏土礦物種類------------------------------------------------ 96
二、具薄膠層土壤之黏土礦物種類--------------------------------------- 100
三、薄膠層鐵氧化物成分分析--------------------------------------------- 105
四、極育土之黏土礦物種類------------------------------------------------ 107
五、黏土礦物之風化作用-------------------------------------------------- 107
第五節、土壤樣體之化育作用-------------------------------------------------- 114
一、薄膠層之生成化育作用---------------------------------------------- 114
二、極育土之生成化育作用---------------------------------------------- 115
三、土壤樣體化育序列---------------------------------------------------- 117
第六節、土壤樣體之分類-------------------------------------------------------- 118
一、依美國土壤分類系統之結果------------------------------------------ 118
二、依WRB分類系統之結果---------------------------------------------- 120
三、研究地區土壤分類之探討--------------------------------------------- 121
第七節、土壤樣體之各類元素分佈特性-------------------------------------- 124
一、0.2M HCl可萃取性元素含量累積於土表之元素----------------- 124
二、0.2M HCl可萃取性元素含量累積於B層之元素----------------- 128
三、與薄膠層生成有關之元素---------------------------------------------- 133
四、土壤樣體各類元素分佈特性之探討---------------------------------- 138
第五章、結論------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 139
第六章、參考文獻------------------------------------------------------------------------- 141
附錄------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150
圖 目 錄
圖一、淋澱化作用之兩種主要的化育過程------------------------------------------ 8
圖二、淋澱土洗入層中淋澱化物質之固定------------------------------------------ 9
圖三、台灣地質圖------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32
圖四、研究地區採樣位置圖------------------------------------------------------------ 33
圖五、可交換鹽基、CEC與ODOE測定流程圖----------------------------------- 37
圖六、有機態鐵、鋁、錳之萃取與測定步驟--------------------------------------- 39
圖七、無定形態鐵、鋁、錳之萃取與測定步驟------------------------------------ 40
圖八、游離態鐵、鋁、錳之萃取與測定步驟--------------------------------------- 41
圖九、選擇性連續序列抽出鐵、鋁、錳萃取與測定步驟---------------------- 43
圖十、鉀飽和、鎂飽和與鹽酸處理黏粒之製備步驟------------------------------ 45
圖十一、TF1土壤樣體剖面形態與植生照片------------------------------------------ 55
圖十二、TF2土壤樣體剖面形態與植生照片--------------------------------------- 57
圖十三、TF3土壤樣體剖面形態與植生照片--------------------------------------- 59
圖十四、TF4土壤樣體剖面形態與植生照片--------------------------------------- 60
圖十五、TF5土壤樣體剖面形態與植生照片--------------------------------------- 62
圖十六、TF6土壤樣體剖面形態與植生照片--------------------------------------- 64
圖十七、TF7土壤樣體剖面形態與植生照片--------------------------------------- 65
圖十八、TF8土壤樣體剖面形態與植生照片--------------------------------------- 67
圖十九、TF9土壤樣體剖面形態與植生照片--------------------------------------- 69
圖二十、TF10土壤樣體剖面形態與植生照片-------------------------------------- 70
圖二十一、研究地區各類土壤樣體相對位置圖---------------------------------------- 72
圖二十二、TF9、TF2及TF5土壤樣體之微形態照片---------------------------- 75
圖二十三、TF1與TF7土壤樣體之微形態照片------------------------------------ 78
圖二十四、TF9土壤樣體E層黏粒部分之X射線繞射分析圖------------------ 97
圖二十五、TF6土壤樣體E層黏粒部分之X射線繞射分析圖------------------ 98
圖二十六、TF5土壤樣體E層黏粒部分之X射線繞射分析圖------------------ 99
圖二十七、TF6土壤樣體Bsm層黏粒部分之X射線繞射分析圖-------------- 101
圖二十八、TF6土壤樣體Bt層黏粒部分之X射線繞射分析圖----------------- 102
圖二十九、TF7土壤樣體Bsm層黏粒部分之X射線繞射分析圖-------------- 103
圖三十、TF7土壤樣體Bt2層黏粒部分之X射線繞射分析圖--------------- 104
圖三十一、各土壤樣體Bsm層鐵氧化物之X射線繞射分析圖------------------- 106
圖三十二、TF2土壤樣體Bt3層黏粒部分之X射線繞射分析圖--------------- 108
圖三十三、TF2土壤樣體C層黏粒部分之X射線繞射分析圖----------------- 109
圖三十四、元素鈉之0.2M HCl可抽出含量及全量分佈狀態-------------------- 125
圖三十五、元素鉀之0.2M HCl可抽出含量及全量分佈狀態------------------- 126
圖三十六、元素鎂之0.2M HCl可抽出含量及全量分佈狀態------------------- 127
圖三十七、元素鋰之0.2M HCl可抽出含量及全量分佈狀態------------------- 129
圖三十八、元素錳之0.2M HCl可抽出含量及全量分佈狀態------------------- 130
圖三十九、元素鐵之0.2M HCl可抽出含量及全量分佈狀態------------------- 131
圖四十、元素鋁之0.2M HCl可抽出含量及全量分佈狀態---------------------- 132
圖四十一、元素鉻之0.2M HCl可抽出含量及全量分佈狀態------------------- 134
圖四十二、元素鎵之0.2M HCl可抽出含量及全量分佈狀態------------------- 135
圖四十三、元素銦之全量分佈狀態-------------------------------------------------- 136
表 目 錄
表一、各類主要母岩中微量元素之含量--------------------------------------------- 21
表二、研究地區氣象資料--------------------------------------------------------------- 31
表三、太平山區之環境資料------------------------------------------------------------ 48
表四、太平山土壤樣體之形態特徵--------------------------------------------------- 49
表五、太平山土壤樣體之理化性質--------------------------------------------------- 82
表六、太平山土壤樣體之鐵、鋁、錳性質------------------------------------------ 88
表七、不同試劑所能溶解不同組成型態之鐵、鋁--------------------------------- 93
表八、薄膠層中鐵、鋁、錳序列抽出結果----------------------------------------------- 95
表九、太平山土壤樣體之礦物組成與含量------------------------------------------ 110
表十、太平山土壤樣體之分類--------------------------------------------------------- 11
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