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Figure 3 in Spider diversity in Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China, II: Clubionidae (Araneae)
No full textFigure 3. Clubiona dichotoma Wang, Chen & Zhang ZS, sp. nov. A–B. Habitus, dorsal view. A. Holotype male; B. Paratype female. C–E. Holotype male, left pedipalp. C. Ventral view; D. Retrolateral view; E. Femur, retrolateral view. F–G. Paratype female, epigyne. F. Ventral view; G. Dorsal view. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C–G = 0.2 mm.Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Chen, Huiming, Wu, Panlong, Zhang, Feng & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2018, Spider diversity in Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China, II: Clubionidae (Araneae), pp. 317-333 in Zoological Systematics 43 (3) on page 319, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201827, http://zenodo.org/record/536646
Clubiona pterogona Yang, Song & Zhu 2003
No full textClubiona pterogona Yang, Song & Zhu, 2003 (Figs 13A–C) Clubiona pterogona Yang et al., 2003: 8, figs 3A–C (♀). Material examined. 1♀, Mianxuling (27°54.626′N, 108°40.288′E; elev. 1997m), 25.VII.2013, L.Y. Wang, T. Lu & X.K. Jiang leg. Description. See Yang et al. (2003). Female habitus as shown in Fig. 13A. Epigyne as in Figs 13B–C. Male unknown. Distribution. Known only from Mt. Fanjing, Guizhou, China. Comments. Judging from the shape of epigyne this species may belong to the C. marmorata- group as defined by Mikhailov (1995). Three species described here on the basis of males belong to the C. corticalis -group and therefore cannot be conspecific with this species.Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Chen, Huiming, Wu, Panlong, Zhang, Feng & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2018, Spider diversity in Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China, II: Clubionidae (Araneae), pp. 317-333 in Zoological Systematics 43 (3) on page 327, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201827, http://zenodo.org/record/536646
Honeybees interfere with wild bees in apple pollination in China
No full textAbstract Honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) are increasingly used in commercial crop production, while wild bees are also important pollinators. Few studies have investigated the relative importance of honeybees and wild bees for apple pollination and whether the contribution of wild bees is affected by increasing numbers of honeybees. Here, we conducted experiments in 52 commercially important Fuji apple orchards across three apple production areas in China, to investigate how wild bees, honeybees and their interaction influences apple quantity (fruit set, weight) and quality (seed number). Both honeybees and wild bees contributed to apples production, resulting in an overall 996%, 26% and 64% increase of apple fruit set, fruit weight and seed number, respectively. We found a hump‐shaped relationship between bee density and fruit set and fruit weight with the maximum fruit set at intermediate bee density, but honeybees reached the maximum only with one and a half times higher numbers than wild bees. Furthermore, when honeybee activity density was low, an increase in wild bee activity density and species richness led to enhanced pollination contribution. Conversely, when honeybee activity density was high, increased wild bee activity density and species richness were associated with reduced pollination contribution. Additionally, the highest fruit set was observed at high densities of wild bees and intermediate densities of honeybees. These results indicate that high honeybee activity density may interfere with the pollination services provided by wild bees in apple orchards. Synthesis and applications . Both honeybees and wild bees contribute to apple pollination and production, but wild bees evidenced much higher pollination efficiency than honeybees. Importantly, introducing high density of honeybee colonies appeared to enhance competition with wild bees, decreasing their contribution to pollination. As highest fruit set was found with high wild bee densities, but only intermediate levels of honeybee densities, it is important to carefully assess the number of honeybee colonies before possible introduction of hives for apple production, in particular when wild bee diversity and density are high. Conserving wild bee diversity is of priority to harness pollination services in apple production, given their high diversity and pollination efficiency.摘要 西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)越来越广泛应用于作物商业生产，而野生蜂也是重要的传粉者。很少有研究调查西方蜜蜂和野生蜂对苹果授粉的相对重要性，以及野生蜂的贡献是否受到西方蜜蜂数量增加的影响。 本研究中，我们在中国三个主要的苹果产区对52个富士苹果园开展了实验，以研究野生蜂、西方蜜蜂及其相互作用如何影响苹果数量(坐果数)和质量(果实重量、种子数)。结果显示，西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都对苹果生产均有重要贡献，使苹果坐果率、果实重量和种子数量分别增加了996%、26%和64%。 本研究还发现蜜蜂密度与坐果率和果实重量之间存在驼峰形关系。在中等蜜蜂密度下坐果率达到最大，但在达到最大坐果率时需要的西方蜜蜂密度为野生蜜蜂的1.5倍。此外，当西方蜜蜂活动密度较低时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献增加；而当西方蜜蜂活动密度较高时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献降低。此外，在高野生蜂密度和中等蜜蜂密度的情况下，苹果座果率最大。这些结果表明过高的西方蜜蜂活动密度干扰了野生蜂为苹果提供的传粉服务。 总结与应用:西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都有助于苹果授粉和生产，但野生蜂的授粉效率比蜜蜂高得多。引入高密度的西方蜜蜂蜂群似乎会引起与野生蜂的竞争，降低了对苹果生产的传粉贡献。由于在野生蜜蜂密度高且只有中等水平的西方蜜蜂密度下苹果的坐果率最高，因此我们建议在苹果园引入蜂箱之前，特别是在野生蜜蜂多样性和密度较高的地区，应仔细评估引入西方蜜蜂群落的数量。鉴于野生蜂群落的高多样性及高传粉效率，保护野生蜂的多样性仍然是提升苹果传粉服务的首要选择措施。Abstract Honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) are increasingly used in commercial crop production, while wild bees are also important pollinators. Few studies have investigated the relative importance of honeybees and wild bees for apple pollination and whether the contribution of wild bees is affected by increasing numbers of honeybees. Here, we conducted experiments in 52 commercially important Fuji apple orchards across three apple production areas in China, to investigate how wild bees, honeybees and their interaction influences apple quantity (fruit set, weight) and quality (seed number). Both honeybees and wild bees contributed to apples production, resulting in an overall 996%, 26% and 64% increase of apple fruit set, fruit weight and seed number, respectively. We found a hump‐shaped relationship between bee density and fruit set and fruit weight with the maximum fruit set at intermediate bee density, but honeybees reached the maximum only with one and a half times higher numbers than wild bees. Furthermore, when honeybee activity density was low, an increase in wild bee activity density and species richness led to enhanced pollination contribution. Conversely, when honeybee activity density was high, increased wild bee activity density and species richness were associated with reduced pollination contribution. Additionally, the highest fruit set was observed at high densities of wild bees and intermediate densities of honeybees. These results indicate that high honeybee activity density may interfere with the pollination services provided by wild bees in apple orchards. Synthesis and applications . Both honeybees and wild bees contribute to apple pollination and production, but wild bees evidenced much higher pollination efficiency than honeybees. Importantly, introducing high density of honeybee colonies appeared to enhance competition with wild bees, decreasing their contribution to pollination. As highest fruit set was found with high wild bee densities, but only intermediate levels of honeybee densities, it is important to carefully assess the number of honeybee colonies before possible introduction of hives for apple production, in particular when wild bee diversity and density are high. Conserving wild bee diversity is of priority to harness pollination services in apple production, given their high diversity and pollination efficiency.摘要 西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)越来越广泛应用于作物商业生产，而野生蜂也是重要的传粉者。很少有研究调查西方蜜蜂和野生蜂对苹果授粉的相对重要性，以及野生蜂的贡献是否受到西方蜜蜂数量增加的影响。 本研究中，我们在中国三个主要的苹果产区对52个富士苹果园开展了实验，以研究野生蜂、西方蜜蜂及其相互作用如何影响苹果数量(坐果数)和质量(果实重量、种子数)。结果显示，西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都对苹果生产均有重要贡献，使苹果坐果率、果实重量和种子数量分别增加了996%、26%和64%。 本研究还发现蜜蜂密度与坐果率和果实重量之间存在驼峰形关系。在中等蜜蜂密度下坐果率达到最大，但在达到最大坐果率时需要的西方蜜蜂密度为野生蜜蜂的1.5倍。此外，当西方蜜蜂活动密度较低时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献增加；而当西方蜜蜂活动密度较高时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献降低。此外，在高野生蜂密度和中等蜜蜂密度的情况下，苹果座果率最大。这些结果表明过高的西方蜜蜂活动密度干扰了野生蜂为苹果提供的传粉服务。 总结与应用:西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都有助于苹果授粉和生产，但野生蜂的授粉效率比蜜蜂高得多。引入高密度的西方蜜蜂蜂群似乎会引起与野生蜂的竞争，降低了对苹果生产的传粉贡献。由于在野生蜜蜂密度高且只有中等水平的西方蜜蜂密度下苹果的坐果率最高，因此我们建议在苹果园引入蜂箱之前，特别是在野生蜜蜂多样性和密度较高的地区，应仔细评估引入西方蜜蜂群落的数量。鉴于野生蜂群落的高多样性及高传粉效率，保护野生蜂的多样性仍然是提升苹果传粉服务的首要选择措施。National Natural Science Foundation of China https://doi.org/10.13039/50110000180
Contrasting effects of natural shrubland and plantation forests on bee assemblages at neighboring apple orchards in Beijing, China
No full textPristidia ramosa Yu, Sun & Zhang 2012
No full textPristidia ramosa Yu, Sun & Zhang, 2012 (Figs 19A–C) Pristidia ramosa Yu et al., 2012: 45, figs 1–16 (♂ ♀). Material examined. 1♀, Heiwanhe (27°50.80′N, 108°46.29′E; elev. 588 m), 18.VII.2013, L.Y. Wang, T. Lu & X.K. Jiang leg.; 1♀, Heiwanhe, 24.VII.2013, L.Y. Wang, T. Lu & X.K. Jiang leg.; 1♀, Zhiwuyuan (27°50′2.42″N, 108°45′30.08″E; elev. 532 m), 26.VII.2013, L.Y. Wang, T. Lu & X.K. Jiang leg. Description. See Yu et al. (2012). Habitus as shown in Fig. 19A, epigyne as in Figs 19B–C. Distribution. China (Fujiang, Guizhou, Guangxi, Jiangxi). Funding This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471974, 31672278) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (XDJK 2017B003) to Zhisheng Zhang, and the Foundation of Biologic Resource and Environment Big Data ([2015] 4013) to Huiming Chen. Acknowledgements Thanks are greatly given to the editor and two anonymous reviewers. Early version of this manuscript benefited from the comments of Yuri Marusik (Institute for Biological Problems of the North, Magadan, Russia), Kiril Mikhailov (Moscow Lomonosov State University, Russia) and Charles Haddad (University of the Free State, South Africa) for their helpful suggestions. We thank Dong Wang, Xuankong Jiang, Tian Lu (SWUC) and Junxia Zhang, Chi Jin, Zhizhong Gao (MHBU) for their assistance during the field work.Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Chen, Huiming, Wu, Panlong, Zhang, Feng & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2018, Spider diversity in Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China, II: Clubionidae (Araneae), pp. 317-333 in Zoological Systematics 43 (3) on page 332, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201827, http://zenodo.org/record/536646
Bee abundance and soil nitrogen availability interactively modulate apple quality and quantity in intensive agricultural landscapes of China
No full textBees provide important pollination services for crops, but pollination limitation is a common problem in agricultural landscapes worldwide. To promote ecological intensification in fruit production, more knowledge is needed concerning the interacting effects of insect pollination services and soil fertility on crop quality and quantity. We investigated the effects of three pollination treatments (open, self and hand pollination) on apple quantity and quality parameters. We also analyzed the effects of bee abundance (wild bees and managed honeybees (Apis mellifera)) and soil nitrogen on fruit quantity and quality, and the responses of bee abundance and species richness to landscape metrics. Apple fruit set and yield of open pollinated flowers increased by 57 % and 25 t/ha (compared to bagged controls), respectively. Hand pollination further enhanced yields by 7 t/ha (compared to open pollination; i.e. to 39 t/ha), indicating pollination limitation in the orchards. Seed number was highest in open pollinated fruits, and increased with bee abundance if soil nitrogen was low, but decreased with bee abundance at high nitrogen levels, possibly due to higher flower density resulting in pollinator dilution effects. Higher seed numbers reduced the proportion of deformed apples and thus increased fruit quality. The percent of surrounding semi-natural habitats positively affected species richness of wild bees in apple orchards. We conclude that yield and quality of apples may benefit from ecological intensification comprising the augmentation of wild bees by semi-natural habitat and lowering of fertilizer inputs
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Clubiona huiming Wang, Zhang F & Zhang ZS 2018, sp. nov.
No full textClubiona huiming Wang, Zhang & Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs 8A–B, 9A–C) Material examined. Holotype ♂, China, Guizhou, Fanjing Mountain Reserve, Mianxuling (27°54.54′N, 108°39.83′E; elev. 1974 m), 30.IX.2013, L.Y. Wang, D. Wang & X.K. Jiang leg. Paratype. 1♂, between Jinding and Jiandaoxia, 13.X.2014, C. Jin & Z.Z. Gao leg. Etymology. The specific name honours Dr. Huiming Chen, a researcher on biospeleology and local animal resource of Guizhou, China; noun. Diagnosis. Males of the new species are similar to C. subapplanata Wang, Chen & Zhang ZS, sp. nov. (Figs 14A–B, 15A, C–F), but differs from the latter by the VTA as long as wide, the long and slender embolus and the tapering and coiled conductor (Figs 8A–B, 9B–C) (VTA wider than long, embolus short and conductor reduced in C. subapplanata Wang, Chen & Zhang ZS, sp. nov.). Description. Male (Fig. 9A). Holotype total length 4.16. Carapace 2.10 long, 1.58 wide; abdomen 2.07 long, 1.27 wide. Carapace yellowish brown. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.14, PME 0.12, PLE 0.14; AME–AME 0.07, AME–ALE 0.04, PME–PME 0.17, PME–PLE 0.10, ALE–PLE 0.05. MOA 0.31 long, front width 0.25, back width 0.40. Clypeus height 0.07. Chelicerae yellow brown, with 5 promarginal and 5 retromarginal teeth. Pairs of ventral spines: Tibia I 3; Metatarsus I 1; Tibia II 3; Metatarsus II 1. Leg measurements: I 4.92 (1.42, 1.98, 0.96, 0.56); II 5.35 (1.61, 2.13, 1.01, 0.60); III 4.57 (1.34, 1.62, 1.11, 0.50); IV 6.58 (1.96, 2.09, 1.94, 0.59). Leg formula 4213. Abdomen yellowish brown. Male pedipalp (Figs 8A–B, 9B–C). Femur without apophysis. Patella longer than wide. Tibia shorter than patella, with 3 apophyses. RTA almost conical, located distally. VTA almost as long as wide. LTA wide and short, located proximally. Embolus long and coiled, arising distally from tegulum. Conductor wide in mid-part and tapering toward its apex. Sperm duct U-shaped. Female. Unknown. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Guizhou, China. Comment. The new species belongs to the C. corticalis -group.Published as part of Wang, Luyu, Chen, Huiming, Wu, Panlong, Zhang, Feng & Zhang, Zhisheng, 2018, Spider diversity in Fanjing Mountain Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China, II: Clubionidae (Araneae), pp. 317-333 in Zoological Systematics 43 (3) on pages 324-325, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201827, http://zenodo.org/record/536646
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