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A Study on the Prisoner Rights Litigation
No full text法官審理受刑人訴訟時，本應探求個案的特殊性，作出符合個案正義的判決；立法者針對不同事務領域為立法行為時，亦應考量各該事物領域之特殊性。既然所有事務領域相對於其他領域皆有其特殊性，則實無庸以特別權力關係理論或其他相似之概念詮釋監獄與受刑人之關係，應正面肯定受刑人與其他人民無異，均為基本權利主體，國家限制受刑人之基本權利時，應受我國憲法第23條之限制。
日本關於刑事設施與收容人處遇之法律對於受刑人權利義務事項規範明確，並將具有相似地位的收容人均納入其規範範圍，再針對個別事務，依據其身分之不同，而為相異之規定，值得作為我國未來修法之參考。而美國受刑人訴訟改革法案的預防性救濟條款、窮盡行政救濟途徑條款、非財產上損害條款、律師費用條款及訴訟救助條款，我國目前有足以達成相同目的之相關規範，故無引進美國制度之必要。
我國受刑人行刑事件的權利救濟途徑尚非十分完備，本文建議應修法解決。首先，由於監獄處遇亦有侵害受刑人基本權利，間接影響受刑人聲請假釋及折抵刑期長短之可能，應容許受刑人對所有監獄行為提起司法救濟。其次，如擬以刑事訴訟程序審理監獄行刑事件，因刑事訴訟法尚有諸多不足之處，應細緻化訴訟類型與審理程序。且不論未來依行政訴訟或刑事訴訟程序審理，基於訴訟經濟之要求，應可區分監獄行刑事件類型的不同，適用不同之程序。
最後，因法官並不具備與監獄人員相同程度的獄政專業能力，法院控制監獄行為的主要手段，應係審查監獄行為是否符合程序要求。因此，建構符合正當行政程序的申訴制度為我國受刑人行刑事件權利救濟途徑再造不可或缺的一環。The Prison Act in the Repbublic of China (R.O.C) was enacted in 1945. Although the Prison Act has amended several times, it doesn’t allow prisoners in the R.O.C the right of access to the court until now. The Judicial sytem in R.O.C refused to review prisoner complaints regarding conditions of confinement as well.
The United States passed The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PLRA) in 1996, which amends and supplements the U.S. Code in a number of ways in order to restrict and discourage litigation by prisoners. This article introduces the prospective relief provisions, the exhaustion of administrative remedies provisions, the three strikes provisions, the emotional injuries provisions, and the in forma pauperis provisions. However, as we don’t share the same historical backgrounds (the inmate litigation explosion) with the United States, the provisions mentioned above may not be the answer to our legal system.
On the other hand, in order to facilitate the rehabilitation and resocialization of inmates, with due regard to their humanity, Japan began their reforms of the penal systems. The Act on Penal Institutions and the Treatment of Sentenced Inmates which focuses on the treatment of sentenced inmates was approved at the Ordinary Session of the Diet in 2005, and the Act for Partial Revision of the Act on Penal Institutions and the Treatment of Sentenced Inmates which stipulates the treatment of unsentenced inmates was approved at the Ordinary Session of the Diet in 2006. The enforcement of the Act changed the title from “the Act on Penal Institutions and the Treatment of Sentenced Inmates” to “the Act on Penal and Detention Facilities and the Treatment of Inmates”. The Prison Law in Japan then had been totally revised for the first time in nearly 100 years.
To sum up, while prisoner rights may be restricted by the facility and particular state of incarceration, prisoners do not lose their constitutional rights when they are incarcerated. The reform of our Prison Law should be done right away
Effect and safety assessment of the post-harvest physiology change of the genetically modified CMV-resistant tomato
No full text自1996年開始正式商業栽培基改作物起，引發全球消費者對基改作物與其衍生食品安全上之疑慮。基因改造作物之食品安全性評估主要採用「實質等同」(substantial equivalence)為基本原則，其以傳統食品為一般認定安全的(generally recognized as safe, GRAS)為出發點，將基改食品與傳統食品進行比較，若結果顯示無顯著之差異，則基改作物與其食品即可被視為安全的。故本試驗之目的為監測基因改造番茄於後熟過程中基因表達與其表現產物之可能變化，以確保安全性評估之完整性。以分子檢測之方式對基改番茄之DNA、RNA及蛋白質層面進行偵測。利用南方轉漬法與即時定量聚合酶鏈反應證實此基改番茄中轉入之胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白基因於基因組中為單一拷貝數。再以即時定量聚合酶鏈反應分析基改與非基改番茄果實中七個與後熟相關基因之表現(RIN、ACS2、ACO4、NR、PSY1、sHSP21、vis1)，以及分析不同後熟程度之基改番茄果實中胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白基因表現情形，同一後熟程度下，基改與非基改番茄果實中此七個後熟相關基因之表現量無顯著之差異；而抗胡瓜嵌紋病毒之基改番茄中，鞘蛋白基因表現量亦不隨基改番茄果實後熟之進行而使其基因表現量有所改變。以西方轉漬法分析基改番茄果實中胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白之累積，結果顯示，此基改番茄果實所累積之鞘蛋白非常微量，可能無法以現有之技術偵測，故以呈色之方式進行西方轉漬訊號之偵測測試，得其偵測極限為0.1 μg的胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白，代表此基改番茄果實與葉片中胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白之累積量低於總蛋白質的0.05%，此轉殖胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白基因之基改番茄果實與葉片中無大量表現病毒之鞘蛋白；再將胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白基因之表現量與不同後熟階段下之後熟相關基因表現量進行比較，證實鞘蛋白基因之表現量較其他七個後熟相關基因表現量低且達顯著性差異，故推測︰此基改番茄株具抗胡瓜嵌紋病毒病害之能力可能藉後轉錄基因靜默原理。目前利用二維電泳監測抗胡瓜嵌紋病毒之基改番茄與其母本番茄株，觀察兩者果實中總蛋白質之差異表現情形，兩者果實中總蛋白質之表現情形具差異性，可能因環境因素與人為操作上之誤差，以致兩者之蛋白質差異表現，故尚須利用西方轉漬法與質譜儀分析技術針對具差異性表現之蛋白質做進一步之身份確認。Since the commercialization of first transgenic crop in 1996, safety of genetically-modified crops and its related products become major concerns of consumer. Currently, environmental risk assessment brings by transgenic crops and food safety are the two main issues worldwide. To meet global regulatory authorities on the practice of substantial equivalence on transgenic food, which means that food derived from crops produced through biotechnology be as safe as food produced from conventionally bred crops, this study has investigated the variations of the gene expressions and protein accumulations in transgenic tomato fruits throughout the post-harvest and processing processes. We used Southern blotting and real-time PCR to verify single copy of CMV coat protein gene found within the genome of the transgenic tomato lines in this experiment. Comparison of seven ripening-related gene expressions between genetically modified (GM) and non-GM tomato fruits at different ripening stages by real-time quantitative PCR were also carried out. No significant differences were found in seven ripening-related gene expressions among GM and Non-GM tomato fruits at the same ripening stage. Furthermore, the expression of exogenous gene - CMV coat protein showed no significant changes in GM tomato fruit among different ripening stages. Detection of CMV coat protein among different ripening stages of transgenic tomato fruits is done by Western blotting. The CMV coat protein accumulations is extremely low in transgenic tomato fruits. The limitation of colorimetric detection was about 0.1 μg of purified CMV coat protein. We further compared with exogenous gene and ripening-related gene expressions among GM tomato fruits. The CMV coat protein gene transcripts were significantly lower than ripening-related gene transcripts. Therefore, it is presumed that post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism may be the reason of anti-virus ability in transgenic tomato. Subsequently, two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to analysis the differential accumulations of total proteins among GM and Non-GM tomato fruits. The results indicated that there were some differential accumulations of proteins between GM and Non-GM tomato fruits. However the differential expression of proteins may be due to the environmental changes or experiment manipulation errors. Therefore, further study should focus on the properties of the differential proteins using western blotting or mass spectrometry.口試委員會審定書.........................................Ⅰ辭.....................................................Ⅱ文摘要.................................................Ⅲ文摘要.................................................Ⅳ錄.....................................................Ⅴ目錄...................................................Ⅷ目錄...................................................Ⅹ一章 前言...............................................1二章 前人研究...........................................2一節 園藝作物之採後生理變化.............................2、更年型與非更年型果實之介紹............................2、調控番茄果實後熟之相關基因表現........................3一) 乙烯生合成相關基因...................................3二) 小分子熱休克蛋白基因.................................5三) 茄紅素生合成相關基因.................................6二節 基因改造生物之概說................................13、什麼是基因改造生物...................................13、基因改造生物的運用與功能.............................14、基因改造作物之現況...................................16、基因改造食品安全性...................................17、各國基因改造產品規範.................................19三節 基因改造番茄之介紹................................35、番茄簡介.............................................35、不同特徵之基因改造番茄...............................36一) 延遲番茄果實後熟....................................36二) 具抗病蟲害能力之基改番茄............................38三) 具抗環境逆境之基改番茄..............................40四) 增加其營養價值之基改番茄............................42四節 基因轉殖植物之分子檢測技術........................45、以DNA為主之分子檢測技術 ..............................45一) 聚合酶鏈反應........................................45二) 南方轉漬分析........................................46、以mRNA為主之分子檢測技術.............................47一) 北方轉漬分析........................................47、以蛋白質為主之分子檢測技術...........................47一) 西方轉漬分析........................................48二) 二維膠體電泳........................................48三章 材料與方法........................................50一節 研究材料..........................................50二節 藥品..............................................50三節 儀器設備..........................................51四節 實驗方法..........................................52、以番茄DNA為主之分子檢測方式..........................52一) 基因改造與非基改之番茄果實DNA製備與純化.............52二) 南方轉漬分析........................................52三) 即時定量聚合酶鏈反應................................54、以番茄mRNA為主之分子檢測方式.........................55一) 收集番茄果實後熟相關之基因mRNA序列..................55二) 基因改造與非基改之番茄果實mRNA製備與純化............55三) 逆轉錄聚合酶連鎖反應................................56四) 即時定量聚合酶連鎖反應..............................56、以番茄蛋白質為主之分子檢測方式.......................57一) 基因改造與非基改番茄果實總蛋白質製備與純化..........57二) 重組嵌蛋白之大腸桿菌活化與表現......................57三) SDS-PAGE............................................58四) 西方轉漬分析........................................58五) 二維電泳分析........................................59四章 結果與討論........................................64一節 基因改造與非基改番茄之DNA分析.....................64、南方轉漬分析.........................................64、以即時定量聚合酶鏈反應確定轉入之鞘蛋白基因拷貝數.....65一) 定量標準曲線之建立..................................65二) 基改番茄果實中胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白基因之拷貝數分析....66二節 基因改造與非基改番茄之mRNA分析....................74、以即時聚合酶鏈反應定量各後熟相關基因之表現...........74一) 以RIN-F/RIN-R引子對定量番茄後熟基因RIN表現..........74二) 以ACS2-F/ACS2-R引子對定量番茄後熟基因ACS2表現.......75三) 以ACO4-F/ACO4-R引子對定量番茄後熟基因ACO4表現.......75四) 以NR-F/NR-R引子對定量番茄後熟基因NR表現.............76五) 以PSY1-F/PSY1-R引子對定量番茄後熟基因PSY1表現.......76六) 以sHSP21-F/sHSP21-R引子對定量番茄後熟基因sHSP21表現.77七) 以vis1-F/vis1-R引子對定量番茄後熟基因vis1表現.......77、以即時聚合酶鏈反應定量胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白基因之表現...78一) 以CPF/CPR引子對定量胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白基因表現.......78三節 基因改造與非基改番茄之蛋白質分析..................100、以三種蛋白質萃取方式進行基因改造與非基改番茄之總蛋白質萃取...............................................100、以西方轉漬分析胡瓜嵌紋病毒鞘蛋白於基改番茄果實後熟過程中量之變化............................................100、以二維電泳分析基因改造與非基改番茄果實表現之總蛋白質差異性...............................................100五章 結論.............................................115考文獻................................................11
Graphene based multiple heterojunctions as an effective approach for high-performance gas sensing
No full text氣體偵測器應用範圍廣泛，主要在於檢測可燃、有毒及爆炸性氣體，所以通常用於住宅環境、工業建築之安全檢測。傳統的氣體檢測方法依賴於電荷載子傳輸的物理性質變化，這樣的感測時間是非常緩慢的，且感測時間通常是在好幾秒以內的範圍。為了克服這個缺點，在本研究裡我們製造出石墨烯/氧化鋅/P型矽基版的異質結構氣體偵測器。這個新的複合結構可以表現出高靈敏性、快速感測時間以及穩定的重複性，感測機制完全取決於石墨烯的費米能階變化，由於被吸收的氣體分子施予石墨烯電荷載子的傳輸，其橫跨於異質結構的輸出電流改變。工作原理藉由氣體分子施予電荷載子於石墨烯層且不往下層傳輸，導致能帶彎曲改變造成大幅度之電流變化。此外，在本研究中我們也證明不同偏壓下可量測不同氣體，因此本研究有助於發展高性能石墨烯之氣體偵測器。Gas sensors are omnipresent in our daily life owing to their tremendous values in applications spanning from health care to industrial manufacturing. Even though there exist an intensive effort, the performance of the devices still need to be improved. Particularly, the typical response time in the range of seconds and minutes is rather slow due to its intrinsic sensing mechanism related to charge transfer. In this study, we develop a graphene multiple-junctions to achieve the sensor with very high sensitivity (<10 ppm), ultra-fast sensing time (<10 ms) and stable repeatability. The sensing mechanism solely depends on the large change of the Fermi energy (EF) of graphene due to the absorbed molecules, which produces a great change of output current across the heterojunction. The charge induced by the absorbed molecules remains in the graphene layer without transferring into the underlying layer due to the well-designed band alignment among the constituent materials, which results a ultra-fast and highly sensitive performance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that with different polarity of external bias the graphene multiple-junctions sensors can be used to selectively detect different gases
Development of a Gasbag-Roller-Assisted Ink Roller Imprinting Process and Its Application
No full text使用滾輪製作微結構是目前最能夠高速且連續製作的方法，但是使用滾輪熱壓成型製作微結構，加熱冷卻的過程會使材料收縮產生翹曲；而使用滾輪紫外光固化成型製作微結構，在基材上會有殘留層。為了解決翹曲與殘留層的問題，本研究開發氣囊輪輔助墨水轉印滾壓製程來製作微結構。
本研究應用氣體均勻加壓的優點，設計氣囊加壓滾輪，藉氣體使壓力均勻分佈於轉印基材上，模具採用PDMS軟模製作，加上以高含水性的發泡PVA供墨滾輪，使用捲對捲連續送料系統，可於180 μm厚的PC塑膠基材表面製作出寬幅250 mm均勻的微米陣列孔洞結構，孔洞直徑130 μm，間距200 μm。實驗結果發現氣囊滾輪比傳統的金屬滾輪及橡膠滾輪有更大的操作窗，更易成型微結構，並且沒有殘留層。本研究也改變孔洞大小及間距的模具進行測試，發現模具與基材真實接觸面的轉印壓力，是影響微結構成型的主因之一。
接著應用本研究開發的設備進行彩色濾光片的製作，目前彩色濾光片多使用曝光顯影製程，手續繁雜且昂貴，本研究設備無殘留層且連續轉印的特性，適合用在彩色濾光片黑色矩陣及彩色色塊的印製上。本研究利用多道手續的轉印，將黑色、紅色、綠色及藍色光阻轉印製PC薄膜上，透過機台上架設的數位顯微鏡，可以準確地對位各色塊轉印位置。本論文製作出230 x 400 mm2大小的彩色濾光片，每個色塊大小為130 x 300 μm2，經由量測色塊的亮度差異小於7 %，印證氣囊輪輔助墨水轉印滾壓製程具有應用於產業的潛力。Roller imprinting has attracted grate attention due to its rapid, continuous nature; it is especially good for mass production. But there are still some problems need to be improved, such as warpage im roller hot embossing or residual layer. In roller UV inprinting This study is devoted to developing gasbag-roller-assisted ink roller imprinting process and its application.
The technique combines ink roller imprinting technique, gasbag-roller press and PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) flexible mold to replicate patterns on the polymeric film. Due to the isotropic pressure provided by the gasbag roller, the contact area between the mold and the substrate is increased and the uniformity of the imprinting pressure is enhanced. The photoresist is coated onto the PDMS mold roller surface by PVA (Polyvinyl acetate) foam roller. The polymer film is fed in-between gasbag-roller and PDMS mold roller, and the photoresist is then transferred from PDMS mold to PC (polycarbonate) film. Finally, the photoresist is cured by UV light. The micro-hole array is successfully fabricated on the PC film.
The gasbag-roller-assisted ink roller imprinting technique is further employed to manufacture color filter, which consists of black matrix and RGB (red, green, blue) color block structures. The black matrix is imprinted on PC film first. The red, blue, and green blocks with dimension of 130 × 300 μm2 are precisely imprinted on the PC film after the roller/film alignments are verified with a high-resolution camera. The color filters with dimension of 250 × 400 mm2 have been fabricated. The variation in brightness between colors is less than 7%. This proves the potential of applying gasbag-roller-assisted ink roller imprinting technique on industry
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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