1,720,957 research outputs found
On Employee Stock Options
No full text這篇論文討論員工持有員工選擇權同時他能買賣市場資產時他的行為為何。我們利用離散時間求效用最大化的模型去找出員工的行為及員工選擇權對員工的價值，因為此選擇權的持有者被規定不能買賣公司的股票，同時假設員工是趨避風險的，因此不能用公司股票去做選擇權避險下在造成員工選擇權的價值會小於一般的選擇權。
我們找出歐式與美式選擇權的價值及投資策略的公式。當公司股價與市場資產之間的相關性增加時會減少員工投資在市場資產的數量，當此員工越怕風險時員工選擇權對員工的價值會越低。同時可以發現當員工越怕風險他越有可能提早執行員工選擇權。我們的模型可以很直接地得到此些結果。This paper discusses the behavior of an employee who receives employee stock options (ESOs) and trades on the market portfolio. We propose a discrete time utility maximization model to nd the employee behavior and the value of the ESOs to the employee. Since the ESOs holder is not allowed to trade company stocks and he is risk averse, the unhedgeable rm risk leads ESOs to have less value than ordinary options.
We fi nd the formula for the investment strategies and the value of the ESOs, both European style and American style . An increase in the correlation between the stock and the market portfolio decreases the amount of investment in the
market portfolio, and an increase in risk aversion ecreases the value of the ESOs to the employee. Also if the employee is more risk averse he will exercise the ESOs earlier. Our model gives these results directly
On the Limit of Police Discretion:the Case of Social Order Maintenance Act Article 85
No full text社會運動興起，318反服貿學運中許多參與的教授、學生、群眾在未有何強暴脅迫行為下被警察粗暴的對待，冠以妨害公務之名。實務上，警察在面對涉及妨害公務之行為，得就社會秩序維護法第85條與刑法第135條作構成要件之選擇、認定，兩者之界限劃分模糊不清，使警察得享有相當大之裁量空間。 我國有關行政裁量理論與實務之發展，深受德國行政法學關於不確定法律概念與行政裁量採「質的區別說」之影響，導致司法權面對行政裁量之合法性界限、行政裁量之法律控制問題時，往往因其屬判斷餘地抑或裁量餘地類型而予以分別割裂處理，實有重新思考之必要。我國警察身兼司法警察與行政警察兩種身分，警職法及各作用法中概括條款之授權，使得警察之職權與任務無所不包，擁有廣泛的裁量權，加上「時間」、「個案」等因素須賦予警察在個案中一定之裁量權，且警察裁量權具有強烈之個人化特性，裁量時容易被主觀價值所影響，故本文嘗試提出警察裁量權包括構成要件與法律效果的裁量，捨棄行政法通說將裁量限於法律效果之見解，認為司法應以動態的警察行政行為為標的作全面審查。 警察雖非最終之裁罰決定機關，但人民之身體、自由、權利往往早已被第一線的警察於執法過程中所侵害。尤其是社維法第85條和刑法妨害公務罪兩者有灰色地帶，造成警察選擇社維法或刑法有事實上之裁量權，在社維法第85條之案件，如丟鞋事件、人民反蒐證事件即為警察濫用社維法第85條之例，本文希冀於警察之行政行為在進入緩不濟急的司法審查前透過行政權訂定行政命令落實正當行政程序，貫徹行政程序法之規定，避免警察裁量時摻入過多主觀以妨害公務之名行迫害人民之實，以保障人民之權利，與憲法保障言論自由的基本權，並且進一步全面檢討現行社會秩序維護法。Following by the social movement, professors and students who participated the 318 Anti- ECFA protests were treated under the police violence and accused of obstruction for official duties. However, police officer has quite a huge power to decide whether this behavior is an offense or not base on Social Order Maintenance Act Article 85 and Criminal Law Article 135 which means the descriptive boundary is unclear and give the police too much power. The development of theory and practice of Administrative Discretion in Taiwan is deeply influenced by Administrative Law in Germany. The impact of “Theory of Qualitative Difference” leads to the problem of boundary of legality and law controlling when police take in charge of administrative discretion. Police officer in Taiwan has both identites of judicial and administrative officers therefore has rights from both sides. As a result, the discretion is mainly made from the personal judgements and highly influenced by the personal interest. This dissertation aims to reconstruct the idea of administrative discretion based on its components and effects to give it and reflexive overviews of this problem. Even though the police officer is not the final court for the final judgement, the freedom of speech and human right easily offense by the police on the front line. The case of throwing shoes, anti-evidence collection is the example for the misuse power. This article aims to use the case to review the Social Order Maintainance Act, and claims for police should follow the proper administration procedure rather than only use the subjective judgment in order to protect the human rights
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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