109 research outputs found
Rethinking Educati. in Ethiopia. Tekeste Negash, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, 1996, 118 pages .
No full textTekeste Negash, the author of The Crises ofEthiopia Education: some implications fornation building (t 990), has' recently comeout with a book, Rethinking Education inEthiopia. He analyses educational issues andpolices in Ethiopia from the historical andcontemporary perspectives in relation to thedevelopment of the country. He alsoforwards recommendations some. of whichare in fact controversial
Stingless bee Meliponula Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) ground nest architecture and traditional knowledge on the use of honey in the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia
No full textStingless bees constitute an important component of tropical ecosystems. The present study reports on the ground nest architecture of the Meliponula stingless bees, impact of agricultural activities on the stingless bee population and traditional use of stingless bee honey in three districts—Wegera, Libo Kemkem and Alepha—of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The ground nests were located with the help of indigenous knowledge. The parameters of the Meliponula ground nests were measured and compared with published data. The impact of agricultural activities and the use of stingless bee honey (locally known as tazima or tazma mar) in ethnomedicine were documented through interviewing local communities and briefly discussed. It has been noted that stingless bee honey is used locally as a treatment for both infectious and non-infectious conditions and as an effective pain-relief measure. However, the stingless bee populations in the Amhara Region are endangered by traditional agricultural practices and habitat destruction. It has been suggested that development of appropriate meliponiculture technology is most essential to conserve the stingless bee diversity in Ethiopia and to effectively utilize their honey for human benefit.
አብስትራክትንቦች ለሞቃታማ ሥነ ምህዳሮች ሙሉነት አስፈላጊ አካል ናቸው፡፡ የዚሀ ጥናት ዓላማ የሚያተኩርው የግብርና ሥራዎች እና በባህላዊ መንገድ የጣዝማ ማር አሰባስብ ዘዴ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ የመሬት ቅርፊት ሥነ-ሕንፃ ሰርተው በሚኖሩ ንቦች ላይ በተለይም በኢትዮጵያ፤ በአማራ ክልል በሚገኙ ሦስት ወረዳዎች ፦ ወገራ ፣ ሊቦ ከምከም እና አለፋ ናቸው:: በመሬት ውስጥ ጎጆ ሰርተው የሚገኙ ንቦችን በአገሬው ተወላጅ እውቀት በመታገዝ መራቢያቸውን ጎጆ በቀላሉ ማግኘት ተችሏል፡፡ ከጥናቱ የተገኘውን የንቦች የመሬት ቅርፊት ሥነ-ሕንፃ ይዘትና ባህሪያት በተለያዩ መለኪያዎች ተለክተው ከታተመው መረጃ ጋር ተነጻጽረዋል:: የግብርና እንቅስቃሴዎች እና በባህላዊ መንገድ የጣዝማ ንብ ማር አሰባስብ የሚያደርሰው ተፅእኖ ከአካባቢያዊ ማህበረሰቦች ጋር ቃለ-መጠይቅ ተደርጎ በአጭሩ ያመጣውን ችግር አስረድተዋል፡፡ የጣዝማ ንብ ማር በባህላዊ መድሐኒት አዋቂ ሰዎች ተላላፊ የሆኑና ያልሆኑ በሽታዎችን ለማከም እንዲሁም ውጤታማ የህመም ማስታገሻ ዘዴ ሆኖ እንደሚያገለግል ተገልጻል፡፡ ሆኖም በአማራ ክልል ውስጥ ባህላዊ የግብርና ሥራዎች እና የተፈጥሮ ሥነ-ምህዳር መዛባት የመሬት ቅርፊት ሥነ-ሕንፃ ሰርተው ለሚኖሩ ንብ ዝርያዎች ለመጥፋት መንስኤ መሆኑ ተርጋግጧል፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የማይናቅ የንብ ብዝሃነትን ለማቆየት እና ማርቸውን ለሰው ልጅ ጥቅም ለማዋል ተገቢውን እንክብካቤ እና የማላመድ ባህል ልማት ቴክኖሎጂ እጅግ አስፈላጊ ነው ተብሏል::
To cite: Wondmeneh Jemberie, Worku Negash, Kassahun Alemu, Alemu Tarekegn, Malede Brhan & Nagappan Raja. 2020. Stingless bee Meliponula Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) ground nest architecture and traditional knowledge on the use of honey in the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. Israel Journal of Entomology 50 (1): 147–162.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4588315urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0F4D41F3-79E4-4E14-AAA2-33A1F05994F
ABO and RH Blood Group Type Frequencies among Students from Different Ethnic Groups at Enchini Secondary School, West Shewa, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
No full textThe knowledge about ABO and Rh-D groups at individual and population levels is important for healthcare managements, clinical and genetic analyses. Ethiopia is working in archiving major events “Kunets” that have social and economic values. ABO blood groups and Rhfactor as biological characters and inheritance of genetic materials have major contributions to the “Kunets”. The study aimed to determine ABO and Rh-D blood groups distribution frequencies among 108 Amhara, 72 Gurage and 238 Oromo students at Enchini Secondary School. Each participant’s ABO and Rh-D blood types were determined by using agglutination reaction tests. In each study group, blood group O had the highest frequencies (38.39–41.18 %) whereas AB scored the least frequencies (6.30–10.18 %). Allele O scored the highest frequency (63.5‒64.2%) and allele B scored the least frequencies (17.0–18.2%). Rh+ had the higher frequencies (91.67‒94.12 %). The highest frequencies for O type (41.18%) and Rh+ (94.12%) were from Oromo students. The highest heterozygosity (54.65%) for ABO blood type was from Amhara students and the least (52.36%) was from Oromo students. All the differences between the observed and expected mean values of frequencies in the two blood system were not statistically significant at α = 0.05. The result would serve as a reference by lawyers in paternity suits, by police in forensic science, by anthropologists in the study of different populations, and for other studies and future utilities in health care planning and other needs or “Kunets” in the studied area
Application of mixed model and spatial analysis methods in multi-environmental and agricultural field trials.
No full textDoctor of Philosophy in Statistics. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2015.Agricultural experimentation involves selection of experimental materials,
selection of experimental units, planning of experiments, and collection of
relevant information, analysis and interpretation of the results. An overall
work of this thesis is on the importance, improvement and efficiency of variety
contrast by using linear mixed mode with spatial-variance covariance compare
to the usual ANOVA methods of analysis. A need of some considerations on the
recently widely usage of a bi-plot analysis of genotype plus genotype by
environment interaction (GEE) on the analysis of multi-environmental crop
trials. An application of some parametric bootstrap method for testing and
selecting multiplicative terms in GGE and AMMI models and to show some
statistical methods for handling missing data using multiple imputations
principal component and other deterministic approaches.
Multi-environment agricultural experiments are unbalanced because several
genotypes are not tested in some environments or missing of a
measurement from some plot during the experimental stage. A need for
imputation of the missing values sometimes is necessary. Multiple
imputation of missing data using the cross-validation by eigenvector method
and PCA methods are applied. We can see the advantage of these methods
having easy computational implementation, no need of any distributional or
structural assumptions and do not have any restrictions regarding the pattern
or mechanism of missing data in experiments.
Genotype by environment (G×E) interaction is associated with the differential
performance of genotypes tested at different locations and in different years,
and influences selection and recommendation of cultivars. Wheat genotypes
were evaluated in six environments to determine the G×E interactions and
stability of the genotypes. Additive main effects and multiplicative interactions
(AMMI) was conducted for grain yield of both year and it showed that grain
yield variation due to environments, genotypes and (G×E) were highly
significant. Stability for grain yield was determined using genotype plus
genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis. The first two
principal components (PC1 and PC2) were used to create a 2-dimensional GGE
biplot. Which-won where pattern was based on six locations in the first and five
locations in the second year for all the twenty genotypes? The resulting pattern
is one realization among many possible outcomes, and its repeatability in the
second was different and a future year is quite unknown. A repeatability of
which won-where pattern over years is the necessary and sufficient condition
for mega-environment delineations and genotype recommendation.
The advantages of mixed models with spatial variance-covariance structures,
and direct implications of model choice on the inference of varietal
performance, ranking and testing based on two multi-environmental data sets
from realistic national trials. A model comparison with a ᵪ2-test for the trials in
the two data sets (wheat and barley data) suggested that selected spatial
variance-covariance structures fitted the data significantly better than the
ANOVA model. The forms of optimally-fitted spatial variance-covariance,
ranking and consistency ratio test were not the same from one trial (location) to
the other. Linear mixed models with single stage analysis including spatial
variance-covariance structure with a group factor of location on the random
model also improved the real genotype effect estimation and their ranking. The
model also improved varietal performance estimation because of its capacity to
handle additional sources of variation, location and genotype by location
(environment) interaction variation and accommodating of local stationary
trend. The knowledge and understanding of statistical methods for analysis of
multi-environmental data analysis is particularly important for plant breeders
and those who are working on the improvement of plant variety for proper
selection and decision making of the next level of improvement for country
agricultural development.Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) is acknowledged on p1039
Application of statistical multivariate techniques to wood quality data.
No full textThesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.Sappi is one of the leading producer and supplier of Eucalyptus pulp to the world market. It is also a great contributor to South Africa economy in terms of employment opportunity to the rural people through its large plantation and export earnings. Pulp mills production of quality wood pulp is mainly affected by the supply of non uniform raw material namely Eucalyptus tree supply from various plantations. Improvement in quality of the pulp depends directly on the improvement on the quality of the raw materials. Knowing factors which affect the pulp quality is important for tree breeders. Thus, the main objective of this research is first to determine which of the anatomical, chemical and pulp properties of wood are significant factors that affect pulp properties namely viscosity, brightness and yield. Secondly the study will also investigate the effect of the difference in plantation location and site quality, trees age and species type difference on viscosity, brightness and yield of wood pulp. In order to meet the above mentioned objectives, data for this research was obtained from Sappi’s P186 trial and other two published reports from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Principal component analysis, cluster analysis, multiple regression analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis were used. These statistical analysis methods were used to carry out mean comparison of pulp quality measurements based on viscosity, brightness and yield of trees of different age, location, site quality and hybrid type and the results indicate that these four factors (age, location, site quality and hybrid type) and some anatomical and chemical measurements (fibre lumen diameter, kappa number, total hemicelluloses and total lignin) have significant effect on pulp quality measurements
Litter decomposition of six tree species on indigenous agroforestry farms in south-eastern Ethiopia in relation to litterfall carbon inputs and modelled soil respiration
No full textThe indigenous agroforestry systems practised by smallholders in south-eastern Ethiopia have high biodiversity and productivity. However, little is known about their carbon (C) inputs and outputs. We carried out a 1-year litterbag study to determine leaf litter decomposition k constants for six woody species common to these agroforestry systems. The k values were then used to calculate the decomposition C losses from measured litterfall C fluxes and the results compared to modelled soil respiration (Rs) C losses. Litterbag weight loss at the end of the year was 100% or nearly so, k values 2.582-6.108 (yr(-1)) and half-life 41-112 days. k values were significantly (p = 0.023) correlated with litter N contents, nearly so with C/N ratios (p = 0.053), but not with other nutrients (Ca, Mg and K), and negatively correlated with temperature (p = 0.080). Using species, farm elevation, temperature and litter quality as predictors, partial least squares regression explained 48% of the variation in k. Depending on species, estimated decomposition C losses from litterfall were 18 to 58% lower than annual litterfall C inputs. Using a heterotrophic respiration (Rh) to Rs ratio of 0.5, modelled Rh C losses were 89 to 238% of litterfall decomposition C losses estimated using k values. However, using an Rh/Rs ratio of 0.27, which is appropriate for tropical humid forests, Rh C losses were 11 to 138% of estimated litterfall decomposition C losses. Our decomposition and soil respiration estimates indicate that litterfall is sufficient to maintain soil organic C contents and thereby the soil fertility of these unique agroforestry systems.Peer reviewe
Variation and association analyses on morphological characters of linseed (<I>Linum usitatissimum</I> L.) in Ethiopia
No full textMorphological studies of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) of Ethiopia were undertaken in this study on 56 accessions collected from 10 administrative regions (former regions) classified into seven altitude classes. The seeds were planted during 2001 growing season in Bale-Goro wereda using randomized complete block design (RCBD) on three replications with the aim of investigating the morphological diversity in the accessions. Over the entire accession, except seed number per boll, all the characters showed significant variation. However, regional groups of linseed accessions showed insignificant variations only for secondary branches number per plant (SBP), days to flowering (DTF) and days to maturity (DTM) among themselves, and altitudinal groups of linseed accessions only for seed number per boll (SNB) and days to flowering (DTF). The analysis for coefficient of variation and cluster analysis showed that accessions from Gojam and Tigray were less diversified. About 53% of the total associations showed significant correlation and out of this 71% of the correlations were with the positive significant correlation coefficients. Cluster analysis indicates that accessions collected from the two extremes of altitude classes have variations for the studied traits. It is only Tigray Region that did not contribute member accession to cluster III, whereas Gondar and Bale regions contribute member accessions to 80% of clusters. Factor analysis showed that of the total variation (73.86%) 30.04% and 27.29% were accounted for by first and second principal components, respectively. The highest Shannon diversity index (0.322 ± 0.039) was recorded for boll size and Shannon diversity index for overall pooled mean was 0.223 ± 0.063.Keywords: cluster/factor analysis, diversity index, linseed accessions, morphological characters, variation/association SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science Vol. 28(2) 2005: 129-14
Biodiversity in Ethiopian linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.): molecular characterization of landraces and some wild species
No full textMolecular characterization of germplasm is important for sustainable exploitation of crops. DNA diversity was measured using inter-retrotransposon-amplified-polymorphism and inter-simple-sequence-repeat markers in 203 Ethiopian landraces and reference varieties of linseed (flax, Linum usitatissimum) and wild Linum species. Molecular diversity was high (PIC, 0.16; GD, 0.19) compared to other reports from the species. Genotyping separated reference from landrace accessions, and clustered landrace accessions from different altitudes and geographical regions. Collections showed evidence for recent introduction of varieties in some regions. The phylogeny supported L. bienne Mill. as the progenitor of domesticated L. usitatissimum. Markers developed here will be useful for genetic mapping and selection of breeding lines. The results show the range of characters that can be exploited in breeding lines appropriate for smallholder and commercial farmers in Ethiopia, producing a sustainable, secure, high-value crop meeting agricultural, economic and cultural needs
The Implementation of Training and Development Programs in Civil Service Institutions of Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
No full textThe role of civil service in socio-economic and political development of a country is unquestionable. In some countries, however, the civil service is not aligned with the prevailing ideological, political and economic changes as well as management theories. Moreover, in some countries, especially in Africa, the civil service is blamed as a major cause for social and political upheavals and economic crises because of institutional and capacity weakness. As a result, it is common to see many countries engaged in the reform of their civil service. In 1991, Ethiopia experienced political changes that resulted in the introduction of multi-party system, market-oriented economy and federal form of government. Accordingly, the government introduced civil service reform that includes the issues of human resource development under human resource management reform since 1996. Studies revealed, however, that the implementation process was not going well. This article, therefore, aims to assess the implementation of training and development programs in civil service institutions of Oromia National Regional State in Ethiopia. The findings reveal that though the government is committed in developing a system of human resource development, the implementation is not on the right track to fill the skill gaps evident in the civil service
Perception of African Youth on Personal Computer Utilization: The Case of Ethiopia and Rwanda
No full textThe tendency to pursue innovativeness and adopt new technologies has been found more likely with younger individuals and a strong relationship between attitude and personal computer (PC) utilization has been found. However, research in these areas is mainly focused on high-income countries. Do these findings hold for low-income countries? What are the perceptions of African youth on the factors that impact PC use? There is a dearth of micro-level studies that promote understanding about the behavior of individuals in low-income countries. This study looked at demographic data including age, gender, grade level, region, and prior experience among 228 youth from Ethiopia and Rwanda. PC utilization constructs including complexity, long-term consequences, and facilitating conditions were studied. The author found access to PCs at least three times a week and providing structured computer training programs as major factor for increased PC utilization. Computer centers with more female instructors were found to have larger female enrollment. The author also found younger groups (15 year olds and younger) disagreed about PC utilization factors. Implications and directions for future research are also included
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