259 research outputs found
Exploring Resilience at Interconnected System Levels in Air Traffic Management
No full textThis chapter raises issues and ideas for exploring resilience, stemming from various research disciplines, projected on the domain of air traffic management and aviation at interconnected system levels. Attempts are made to connect micro, meso, and macro levels in the aviation sector identifying corresponding research challenges. Examples of this ongoing research are given on how theory has already been translated into practical methodological use. Some connections between foci from Resilience Engineering, Disaster Resilience, and other research disciplines are projected on the air traffic management domain to explore how practical benefits can be obtained from these theories and which aspects of operational practice these theories connect to. The chapter shows that the concept of resilience from various research disciplines has a potentially wide application to system levels of air traffic management, and suggests resilience to be addressed from an interconnected systems perspective to provide added value to operations.
Document type: Part of book or chapter of boo
Persona?based development of a new discovery system using MERESCO open?source components
No full textSophie and Rogier are students at Delft University of Technology. Sophie is a master student of Architecture. She searches for information mostly to get inspired. Sometimes she’s looking for a specific book and uses Amazon first, because she knows what the cover looks like, but can’t remember the author or title. Rogier is writing his master’s thesis at the faculty of Civil Engineering. He searches the library for relevant publications. He is very insecure about the search results he’s getting back from the library catalogue and various bibliographic databases. Did he get the key publications? TU Delft Library’s websites and databases are not supporting either Sophie or Rogier’s needs. Sophie and Rogier are fictional customers of TU Delft Library. They are personas constructed from a context mapping study. Six different personas give our customers voices and faces. They help us specify the services and systems that our customers expect now and in the future, such as Discover (http://discover.tudelft.nl) which will replace the traditional WebOPAC. With Discover, Sophie and Rogier can use Google-like queries and drilldown facets to find both books from the catalogue and full text articles (from Elsevier, DOAJ, Repositories and more). Records are enriched with cover images, abstracts, user ratings and LibraryThing tags. Discover is built with Meresco open source component library, which uses the Lucene search engine.Library TU DelftDelft University of Technolog
Resilience assessment based on models of functional resonance
No full textBoth practitioners and scholars with an interest in Resilience Engineering have expressed the need for model- or process-based methods for the assessment of resilience. This paper explores the potential of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM; Hollnagel, 2004) to address five key resilience characteristics (buffering capacity, flexibility, margin, tolerance, and cross-scale interactions, as identified by Woods, 2006). Application of FRAM to the Alaska Airlines flight 261 accident and application and evaluation of these resilience characteristics to the functional model shows that FRAM to some extent allows for resilience assessment through these characteristics. Moreover, FRAM-based assessment of resilience challenges the description and definition of these characteristics and enables to ask some specific questions that further develop their assessment.</p
Workarounds and trade-offs in information security – an exploratory study
No full text
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate relationships between workarounds (solutions to handling trade-offs between competing or misaligned goals and gaps in policies and procedures), perceived trade-offs, information security (IS) policy compliance, IS expertise/knowledge and IS demands.
Design/methodology/approach
The research purpose is addressed using survey data from a nationwide sample of Swedish white-collar workers (N = 156).
Findings
Responses reinforce the notion that workarounds partly are something different from IS policy compliance and that workarounds-as-improvisations are used more frequently by employees that see more conflicts between IS and other goals (r = 0.351), and have more IS expertise/knowledge (r = 0.257). Workarounds-as-non-compliance are also used more frequently when IS trade-offs are perceived (r = 0.536). These trade-offs are perceived more by people working in organizations that handle information with high security demands (r = 0.265) and those who perform tasks with high IS demands (r = 0.178).
Originality/value
IS policies are an important part of IS governance. They describe the procedures that are supposed to provide IS. Researchers have primarily investigated how employees’ compliance with IS policies can be predicted and explained. There has been an increased interest in how tradeoffs and conflicts between following policies and other goals lead employees to make workarounds. Workarounds may leave management unaware of how work actually is done within the organization and may besides getting work done lead to new vulnerabilities. This study furthers the understanding of workarounds and trade-offs, which should be subject to further research.
</jats:sec
Functional Modeling of Constraint Management in Aviation Safety and Command and Control
No full textThis thesis has shown that the concept of constraint management is instrumental in understanding the domains of command and control and aviation safety. Particularly, functional modeling as a means to address constraint management provides a basis for analyzing the performance of socio-technical systems. In addition to the theoretical underpinnings, six studies are presented. First, a functional analysis of an exercise conducted by a team of electricity network emergency managers is used to show that a team function taxonomy can be used to analyze the mapping between team tasks and information and communication technology to assess training needs for performance improvement. Second, an analysis of a fire-fighting emergency management simulation is used to show that functional modeling and visualization of constraints can describe behavior vis-à-vis constraints and inform decision support design. Third, analysis of a simulated adversarial command and control task reveals that functional modeling may be used to describe and facilitate constraint management (constraining the adversary and avoiding being constrained by the adversary). Studies four and five address the domain of civil aviation safety. The analysis of functional resonance is applied to an incident in study four and an accident in study five, based on investigation reports. These studies extend the functional resonance analysis method and accident model. The sixth study documents the utility of this functional modeling approach for risk assessment by evaluating proposed automation for air traffic control, based on observations, interviews, and experimental data. In sum, this thesis adds conceptual tools and modeling methods to the cognitive systems engineering discipline that can be used to tackle problems of training environment design, decision support, incident and accident analysis, and risk assessment
On how constraints shape action
No full textUnderstanding how joint systems of people and artifacts perform goal-directed action in a dynamic environment is essential for improving and supporting work. The literature on cognitive systems engineering and its related disciplines identifies the concept of constraint as an essential element in the analysis of systems in dynamic environments. These disciplines however offer differing definitions and ascribe different roles to constraints in (cognitive) systems analysis. This thesis distills from these perspectives on constraints the hypothesis that constraints shape action. It investigates empirically how constraints shape action in studies of two domains characterized by dynamic environments: driving and command and control.The first study investigates the effect of the constraint of path width on steering behavior. It reviews research on the "law of steering"- the quantitative relationship between human temporal performance and the spatial characteristics of the movement path. It then extends the study of the law of steering to driving in virtual environments, within the field of human-computer interaction. Participants drove a virtual vehicle in a virtual environment on paths whose shape and width were systematically manipulated. Results showed that the law of steering indeed applies to locomotion in virtual environments. On average both the mean and the maximum speeds of the participants were linearly proportional to path width. Such regularity in human performance provides a quantitative tool for (3D) human machine interface design and evaluation.The second study describes a method for the recognition of constraints in network-based command and control, and illustrates its application in an experimental study in a command and control microworld. The method uses goals-means task analysis to extract the essential variables that describe the behavior of a command and control team. It juxtaposes these variables in state space representations illustrating constraints and regions for opportunities for action. A series of examples shows how state spaces plots of experimental data can aid in the description of behavior vis-a-vis spatial and temporal resource constraints, and discusses how state space representations may be used to improve control in network-based command and control settings.</p
Author Correction: Toddlers strategically adapt their information search
No full textCorrection to: Nature Communicationshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48855-4, published online 10 July 2024 In this article the affiliation ‘Max Planck Research Group iSearch, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany’ was incorrectly given for Rogier Mars but should have been removed. In addition, the affiliation ‘Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK’ was incorrectly given for Azzurra Ruggeri but should have been ‘Max Planck Research Group iSearch, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany’. The original article has been corrected
Le Peire Rogier de Peire d’Alvernhe revisité par l’auteur de Flamenca : Guillem de Nevers, le troubadour au psautier
No full textS’il a été établi que les paroles constitutives du dialogue amoureux entre les personnages du roman, Guillem de Nevers et Flamenca, prenaient leur source dans les vers de Peire Rogier (Ges non puesc en bon vers fallir, sixième cobla) ou encore dans ceux, inspirés du précédent, de Guiraut de Borneil (̶ Ai las, com mor ! – Quez as, amis ?), le lien entre Guillem de Nevers et Peire Rogier apparaît davantage évident si l’on prend en compte la vida de ce dernier ainsi que la cobla que lui consacre Peire d’Alvernhe dans sa chanson satirique Cantarai d’aqestz trobadors. Dans cette chanson, une partie du conseil de Peire d’Alvernhe à Peire Rogier – à savoir qu’au lieu de chanter l’amour devant tous, il devrait tenir un psautier à l’église ̶ resserre d’autant plus les liens entre le troubadour et le personnage du roman. Il semble que l’auteur de Flamenca se soit amusé à fondre dans son personnage le troubadour Peire Rogier afin de lui faire suivre les conseils de Peire d’Alvernhe mais en redirigeant la satire – qui visait le troubadour dans la chanson ̶ , vers la société religieuse et, en apparence, courtoise de son roman : il instaure un jeu particulièrement ingénieux autour de la symbolique du psautier et de celle de l’homme religieux. En effet, l’auteur s’amuse à faire de Guillem un clerc dont l’ordination n’a pas d’autre raison que l’amour qu’il éprouve pour Flamenca comme il s’amuse à faire du livre sacré le support où Guillem lit – par le biais de la bibliomancie – l’avenir de son amour avec Flamenca, le support par lequel les baisers de paix préfigurent les baisers amoureux, le support au-dessus duquel il échange les mots d’amour avec Flamenca. L’auteur s’ingénie ainsi à recouvrir les mots et les gestes sacrés par les mots et les gestes de la fin’amor afin de nous laisser entendre que le sacré est à trouver dans les valeurs de cette dernière qui elles-mêmes – puisque, dans cette société qui n’a de courtoise que le nom, elles ne peuvent s’accomplir que par la ruse et la dissimulation – n’ont peut-être pas d’autre avenir que dans les sphères de la fiction.Although it has been established that the words that make up the love dialogue between the novel’s characters, Guillem de Nevers and Flamenca, originated in Peire Rogier’s verses (Ges non puesc en bon vers fallir, sixth cobla) or in those, inspired by the former, by Guiraut de Borneil (– Ai las, com mor ! – Quez as, amis ?), the link between Guillem de Nevers and Peire Rogier becomes even more obvious if we take into account the latter’s vida and the cobla dedicated to him by Peire d’Alvernhe in his satirical song Cantarai d’aqestz trobadors. In this song, part of Peire d’Alvernhe’s advice to Peire Rogier – namely, that instead of singing about love in front of everyone, he should hold a psalter in church ̶ further tightens the ties between the troubadour and the character in the novel. It seems that the author of Flamenca had fun fusing the troubadour Peire Rogier into his character in order to have him follow Peire d’Alvernhe’s advice, but redirecting the satire – which was aimed at the troubadour in the song –, towards the religious and, seemingly, courteous society of his novel : he sets up a particularly ingenious game about the symbolism of the psalter and that of the religious man. Indeed, the author amuses himself by making Guillem a cleric whose ordination has no other reason than the love he feels for Flamenca and by making the holy book the medium in which Guillem is able to foresee ̶ through bibliomancy ̶ his love for Flamenca ; the medium also by which peace kisses foreshadow love kisses, and over which he exchanges words of love with Flamenca. In this way, the author ingeniously covers the sacred words and gestures with the ones of the fin’amor in order to suggest to us that the sacred is to be found in the values of the latter, which themselves – since, in this society which is courteous in name only, they can only be accomplished by cunning and dissimulation – perhaps have no other future than in the spheres of fiction
The Alaska Airlines Flight 261 accident : A systemic analysis of functional resonance
No full textOn January 31, 2000, Alaska Airlines flight 261, an MD-83, crashed into the Pacific Ocean; after airplane pitch control was lost as a result of the in-flight failure of the horizontal stabilizer trim system jackscrew assembly's acme nut threads (NTSB, 2003). Accident investigation revealed a wide range of human, technical, and organizational factors contributing to this tragic event, providing a case where popular linear models and methods have difficulty addressing the full complexity of the processes leading up to the accident. This paper treats each of the steps of analysis according to the Functional Resonance Accident Model (FRAM; Hollnagel, 2004), a systemic non-linear modeling method, and discusses how functional resonance occurred through the variability in functions performed by joint human, technical, and organizational systems. It thereby aims to facilitate a better understanding of how functional variability in design, certification, limited and inadequate maintenance, negligent safety culture, economic factors, and human performance together can resonate and contribute to accidents. In this way it aims to contribute to accident prevention and the engineering of more resilient complex dynamic systems.</p
- …
