1,720,966 research outputs found
Future inequality in Carbon Dioxide emissions and the projected impact of abatement proposals
Full text linkThe authors analyze inequality in future carbon emissions using a group decomposition of the Gini index. Business-as-usual projections to the year 2100 for 135 countries show inequality in per capita emissions declining, but slowly. They also measure the impact on emissions levels and inequality of the Kyoto Protocol and other abatement proposals for Annex II (non-Eastern European high income) countries in 2010, focusing on their gap narrowing and reranking effects. Per capita emissions of Annex II and non-Annex II countries will probably not be substantially reranked unless the Annex II countries reduce their emissions by at least half (from 1990 levels) and emissions from non-Annex II countries continue growing unabated.Climate Change,Montreal Protocol,Global Environment Facility,Environmental Economics&Policies,Sanitation andSewerage,Montreal Protocol,Environmental Economics&Policies,Carbon Policy and Trading,Energy and Environment,Climate Change
Four essays on poverty and public policy
No full textThis dissertation consists of four essays. The first two essays are devoted to an empirical analysis of poverty and inequality in Bangladesh. The third essay consists of a optimal control model of homelessness and poverty in the United States. The fourth essay is based on a case study of low income electricity programmes in Belgium.In the first essay, the unit level data of four rounds of the Household Expenditure Surveys of the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics are used by an independent researcher for the first time to answer fundamental questions such as: What is the extent of poverty in Bangladesh? How has it evolved over time? Who are the poor? Why are they poor?In the second essay, three innovations for the analysis of poverty and inequality are illustrated with the same data sets. First, an extension of a Gini decomposition is used to analyze stratification and inequality in a multidimensional context. Second, receiving operating characteristics curves are used to assess the discriminating power of targeting indicators. Third, survival analysis techniques are used for poverty comparisons.In the third essay, an optimal control model is developed to discuss the trade-off between programmes for the alleviation of poverty and homelessness which are consumption-oriented, such as welfare benefits and shelter beds, or investment-oriented, such as job training and low-income housing. Consumption-oriented programmes provide emergency safety nets, but do not yield long term solutions as investment-oriented programmes do. A balance between both types of programmes is needed.In the fourth essay, we consider the actual determinants of public policies toward poverty, and the departure from the standard assumptions of neo-classical theory that they imply. Several questions are considered, including: What are the forces shaping the introduction of new programmes and the termination of existing ones? On what scientific basis are public policy decisions made? What are the ethical arguments invoked to justify these policies? The essay provides a global framework through which answers to these questions can be provided. This framework is applied to low income electricity programmes in Brussels.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 57-04, Section: A, page: 1777.Advisors: Robert Lerman.Ph.D. American University 1996.Englis
Microdeterminants of consumption, poverty, growth, and inequality in Bangladesh
Full text linkUsing household data from five successive national surveys, the author analyzes the microdeterminants of (and changes in) consumption, poverty, growth, and inequality in Bangladesh from 1983 to 1996. Education, demographics, land ownership, occupation, and geographic location all affect consumption and poverty. The gains in per capita consumption associated with many of these household characteristics tend to be stable over time. Returns to demographics (variables in household size) have the greatest impact on growth, perhaps because of improving employment opportunities for women. Education (in urban areas) and land (in rural areas) contribute most to measures of between-group inequality. Location takes second place, in both urban and rural areas. The author introduces the concept of conditional between-group inequality. Existing group decompositions of the Gini index along one variable do not control for other characteristics correlated with that variable. Conditional between-group Ginis avoid this pitfall. He also shows how to use unconditional and conditional between-group Ginis for simulating policies.Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Services&Transfers to Poor,Public Health Promotion,Housing&Human Habitats,Inequality,Poverty Assessment,Environmental Economics&Policies,Services&Transfers to Poor,Safety Nets and Transfers
Growth, poverty, and inequality : a regional panel for Bangladesh
Full text linkMost empirical work on how growth affects poverty and inequality has been based on international panel data sets. Panels can also be used within a country, if the analysis is carried out at the regional level. The author does this for Bangladesh, where regional panel estimates indicate that growth reduces poverty in both urban and rural areas. Growth is associated with rising inequality only in urban areas. Simulations based on these estimates indicate how much poverty reduction could increase in the next 10 years if growth were promoted in rural areas rather than urban areas.Services&Transfers to Poor,Economic Conditions and Volatility,Public Health Promotion,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Governance Indicators,Poverty Assessment,Services&Transfers to Poor,Rural Poverty Reduction,Achieving Shared Growth
Between group inequality and targeted transfers
Full text linkThe author provides two extensions to Yitzhaki and Lerman's group decomposition of the Gini index. First, he analyzes stratification (within the group) and inequality (between groups) along several dimensions at once. This makes the determinants of inequality more understandable. Second, he derives the impact on the Gini of marginal changes in income or consumption by group. This can be used to evaluate targeted redistributive policies or to assess the impact of exogenous shocks by group. He applies the analysis to data from Bangladesh, with a focus on how inequality affects land ownership, education, and occupation. Education appears to be a stronger determinant of inequality than occupation, with land ownership ranking third. Marginal targeted transfers and taxes have more effect on redistribution when applied to education (from the well-educated to the illiterate) or occupation groups (from officials and managers to tenants and agricultural workers).Services&Transfers to Poor,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Poverty Impact Evaluation,Drylands&Desertification,Inequality,Environmental Economics&Policies,Poverty Impact Evaluation,Services&Transfers to Poor,Rural Poverty Reduction
Pauvreté et coupures d\u27électricité: Evaluation des engagements solidarité d\u27Electricité de France
No full textLes engagements solidarité sont des dispositifs mis en oeuvre par Electricité de France (EDF) pour aider les ménages en défaut de paiement pour leur facture d\u27électricité. Ils ont permis à EDF de réduire les coupures d\u27électricité d\u27un tiers. Malgré ce progrès, le nombre de coupures reste élevé. Dans cet article, après avoir retracé l\u27évolution de la politique d\u27EDF vis à vis des démunis, on propose une évaluation des engagements solidarité basée sur les enquêtes « clients démunis » réalisées par le département GRETS à EDF de 1996 à 1998. On examine en particulier l\u27offre de services solidarité des centres EDF et les déterminants de la satisfaction des clients démunis vis à vis de cette offre de services
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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