1,720,955 research outputs found
Decontamination strategies in ICU: a European perspective
No full textPatients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) have an increased risk to develop infections due to their underlying illness and the ICU environment facilitates transmission of micro-organisms. Potential pathogenic micro-organisms (PPMO) colonizing the oropharynx and lower gastro-intestinal tract are the target of decontamination strategies that aim to prevent infections, such as selective digestive tract decontamination (SDD), selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD), which both consist of antibiotic prophylaxis applied to the gastro-enteral tract and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash. The interdependence between rectal and respiratory tract colonization and infection was explored among 2066 ICU patients treated with SDD. Rectal colonization was an independent risk factor for both respiratory tract colonization (cause specific hazard ratio (CSHR) 2.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.02-4.23) and new GNB infection (CSHR 3.04, 95% CI 1.99-4.65). The association between colonization of the rectum and bacteremia was stronger than the association between respiratory tract colonization and bacteremia, which provides evidence that the gut acts as an important reservoir for PPMO. SDD and SOD have been used as standard care for ICU patients in the Netherlands after studies showed improved survival and prevention of bloodstream infections among long-stay ICU patients. In this thesis we evaluated two aspect of SDD and SOD in the Dutch ICU setting. First, the long-term effects of SDD and SOD on tobramycin and colistin resistance were evaluated in five Dutch ICUs with an average follow-up of 7 years. Tobramycin resistance decreased during the follow-up period (rectal samples risk ratio RR (95% CI) 0.35 (0.23-0.53); respiratory samples RR 0.48 (0.32-0.73)), compared to baseline, and there was no difference in colistin resistance, indicating that long-term use is safe. Second, amphotericin B (commonly used in SDD and SOD) and nystatin (which is cheaper) were compared in their effectiveness against yeast colonization. Nystatin was associated with less rectal acquisition of Candida, compared to amphotericin B. Nystatin could therefore improve cost-effectiveness of SDD and SOD. Most previous studies on SDD and SOD with beneficial outcomes were performed in the Netherlands, with relatively low levels of antimicrobial resistance. Evidence for the effectiveness in settings with higher levels of antimicrobial resistance is lacking. Therefore, a cluster randomized study was initiated in 13 ICUs in 6 European countries. 8665 Patients were included. As opposed to previous Dutch studies, the use of SDD, SOD and CHX 1% mouthwash were, compared to standard care, not associated with reductions in rates of ICU-acquired bloodstream infection or mortality. Furthermore, initial use of CHX mouthwash in a 2% concentration was abandoned as it led to side-effects in 10% of patients, mainly consisting of reversible oral mucosal lesions. The unit-wide prevalence of HRMO carriage in respiratory tract and rectum remained stable during interventions. Moreover, GNB resistant to carbapenem and cephalosporins, that were present during initial ICU stay were more frequently eradicated in rectum samples during SDD compared to standard care. Also, for Enterobacteriaceae resistant to cephalosporins there was a tendency towards eradication in respiratory samples during SDD (CSHR 1.47 (95% CI 0.98-2.20)) and SOD (CSHR 1.38 (95% CI 0.92-2.06)), compared to standard care. This might prevent the occurrence of infections and cross-transmission of such bacteria
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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