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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Modulating emotional memories: Influence of stress and interference learning on brain potentials during encoding and retrieval
Get PDFThere is multiple evidence that emotionally arousing events are preferentially processed, and better remembered than neutral events. In the present dissertation I investigated whether those strong emotional memories are affected by acute and chronic stress. Moreover, I was interested in whether already established emotional memories can be changed by behavioral intervention. According to the modulation hypothesis, emotionally arousing events promote attention and memory processes via noradrenergic and glucocorticoid actions. Recent models suggest that stress hormones differentially impact mnemonic processing, namely encoding, (re-) consolidation and memory retrieval, depending on timing and duration of the stressor relative to the learning experience. Acute stress around the time of encoding has been found to enhance memory, whereas chronic stress has been associated with memory impairments. Furthermore, consolidated memories are not resistant to modifications. Following reactivation, memories can turn into an unstable state and undergo a process called reconsolidated in order to persist. During this vulnerable state, memories are prone to modification, for instance by pharmacological blockade or interference learning. Here, the modulation of newly formed emotional and neutral memories as well as existing emotional and neutral memories was investigated in a well-established picture viewing and recognition memory paradigm using behavioral and neurophysiological measures (event-related potential, ERPs). More elaborative processing of emotional, relative to neutral stimuli has been related to the late positive potential (LPP). During encoding of emotional and neutral pictures, enhanced LPPs (starting at about 400 ms after stimulus onset) are usually observed for emotionally arousing relative to neutral pictures, indicating preferential attention allocation and processing. During recognition, correctly recognized old items evoke larger ERP amplitudes than correctly identified new items. This difference, the ERP old/new effect, was used to measure mnemonic processing during retrieval. The ERP old/new effect over centro-parietal sensor sites (400-800 ms) has been associated with recollection processes, and is enhanced for emotional, compared to neutral materials. Three studies are presented, that investigated 1) the influence of acute stress prior to encoding on long-term memory and its neural correlates, 2) the impact of chronic stress on encoding and memory, and 3) the influence of interference on already established memories (reconsolidation), always contrasting emotionally arousing and neutral scenes. Study 1 investigated subsequent recognition memory after encoding following acute stress using a socially evaluated cold pressure test, while study 2 tested the influence of chronic stress investigating breast cancer survivors about two years after cancer treatment. In study 3, one day after encoding, reconsolidation of the reactivated picture memory was targeted with an interfering learning task. In all three studies, recognition memory was tested one week later. High-density electroencephalograms (EEGs; 257 electrodes) were recorded to measure brain potentials. The results showed, in line with previous research, that emotionally arousing scenes were preferentially processed, as indicated by larger LPPs, and were better remembered than neutral scenes, as indicated by enhanced memory performance and larger ERP old/new differences. Experiencing acute stress prior to encoding enhanced the centro-parietal ERP old/new effect for emotionally arousing pictures at recognition, corroborating that acute stress facilitates memory for emotional scenes (Study 1). In contrast, attenuated LPPs for unpleasant pictures and impaired memory performance for arousing pictures were observed in breast cancer survivors (Study 2), indicating altered attention to emotion and subsequent emotional memory storage in chronically stressed individuals. When memory reactivation was followed by an interfering learning task, recognition memory and ERP old/new differences were attenuated for emotionally arousing scenes, selectively, showing the possibility that emotional memories might be modulated by behavioral interventions (Study 3). The results of all three studies are discussed and integrated into a model of memory modulation by stress and interference. The results highlight the importance of understanding the role of emotional arousal in the processes of memory formation, retrieval and reconsolidation. Moreover, shedding light on the differential effects of acute and chronic stress, interference and their possible interactions might help to prevent and even modify impairing memories that are one of the major concerns in stress- and fear-related mental disorders.Eine Vielzahl von Studien zeigt, dass emotional erregende Ereignisse mehr Aufmerksamkeit auf sich ziehen, dadurch bevorzugt verarbeitet und folglich auch besser erinnert werden, als neutrale Ereignisse. Die sogenannte Modulationshypothese postuliert, dass die Effekte von emotional erregenden Ereignissen auf Aufmerksamkeits- und Gedächtnisprozesse über eine Aktivierung von Noradrenalin und Glukokortikoiden vermittelt werden. Stresshormone beeinflussen Gedächtnisprozesse, also die Aufnahme, die (Re-)Konsolidierung und den Abruf, in unterschiedlicher Weise. Dieser Einfluss ist dabei abhängig vom zeitlichen Zusammenhang zwischen Stress und Lernerfahrung, sowie der Dauer des Stressors. Akuter Stress fördert die Informationsaufnahme und Gedächtniskonsolidierung, während chronischer Stress mit Gedächtniseinschränkungen in Verbindung gebracht wird. Werden einmal konsolidierte Inhalte reaktiviert, so erreichen sie erneut einen instabilen Zustand und müssen rekonsolidiert werden, um dauerhaft im Gedächtnis zu bleiben. In diesem instabilen Zustand sind die Inhalte beispielsweise durch eine pharmakologische Blockade oder eine neue, konkurrierende Lernaufgabe (Interferenzlernen) modifizierbar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Modulation von emotionalen und neutralen Gedächtnisinhalten durch akuten und chronischen Stress sowie durch Blockade der Rekonsolidierung anhand eines gut etablierten Paradigmas (Bildbetrachtung und Wiedererkennenstest) untersucht. Neben Verhaltensmaßen für die Gedächtnisleistung wurden hochauflösende Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale (EKPs) als ein neuronaler Indikator während des Gedächtnistests erhoben. Während der Einspeicherung emotionaler und neutraler Bilder werden üblicherweise erhöhte späte Positivierungen (Late Positive Potentials, LPPs; beginnend bei etwa 400 ms nach Stimulusbeginn) beim Betrachten emotionaler im Vergleich zu neutralen Bildern beobachtet, was für eine verstärkte Aufmerksamkeitszuwendung und Verarbeitung dieser Reize spricht. Während des Wiedererkennens evozieren korrekt wiedererkannte alte Items größere EKP-Amplituden als richtig eingestufte neue Items (Old/New Effekt). Der Old/New Effekt über zentroparietalen Sensoren (400-800 ms) wurde mit Aktivierungen im Hippocampus und exaktem Wiedererkennen in Verbindung gebracht. Er tritt verstärkt bei emotionalen Inhalten auf. Drei Studien werden vorgestellt, die 1) den Einfluss von akutem Stress während der Enkodierung auf das Langzeitgedächtnis und dessen neuronale Korrelate, 2) den Einfluss von chronischem Stress auf Enkodierung und Gedächtnis und 3) den Einfluss von Interferenz auf die Rekonsoliderung bereits gespeicherter Gedächtnisinhalte untersuchen. Dabei wurden jeweils emotionale und neutrale Reize gegenübergestellt. Studie 1 untersuchte das Wiedererkennen von Reizen, die in Folge des sozial evaluierten Kaltwassertests unter Stress enkodiert wurden, während Studie 2 den Einfluss von chronischem Stress in einer Gruppe Brustkrebsüberlebender ca. zwei Jahre nach der Krebsbehandlung untersuchte. In Studie 2 wurden die 24 Stunden zuvor bereits gesehenen Bilder erneut präsentiert, um die Gedächtnisspur zu reaktivieren. Interferenzlernen zielte hier auf eine Blockade der Rekonsolidierung ab. In allen drei Studien erfolgte nach einer Woche ein unerwarteter Wiedererkennenstest. Ein hochauflösendes Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG; 257 Sensoren) wurde in den Untersuchungen abgeleitet. Im Einklang mit früheren Untersuchungen wurden emotional erregende Bilder bevorzugt verarbeitet. Dies spiegelte sich in größeren LPPs wider. Emotional erregende Bilder wurden besser wiedererkannt als neutrale Bilder, was mit einem stärkeren Old/New Effekt verbunden war. Akuter Stress vor Enkodierung ging mit einem größeren zentroparietalen Old/New Effekt für emotional erregende Bilder einher, was dafür spricht, dass akuter Stress die Gedächtnisspeicherung für emotionale Erlebnisse fördert (Studie 1). Im Gegensatz dazu wurden geringere LPPs für unangenehme Bilder und eine eingeschränkte Gedächtnisleistung für emotional erregende Bilder bei Brustkrebsüberlebenden beobachtet (Studie 2), was auf eine veränderte Verarbeitung in chronisch gestressten Personengruppen hinweist. Interessanterweise (Studie 3) führte Interferenzlernen nach Reaktivierung zu selektiven Einschränkungen in der Gedächtnisleistung und dem Old/New Effekt für emotionale Bilder. Dies weist auf die Möglichkeit hin, dass etablierte emotionale Erinnerungen durch Verhaltensinterventionen beeinflusst werden können
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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