1,721,362 research outputs found
The Nature of Urban Parking
Full text linkParking is a result of derived and often induced demand, and thus suitable for active management
by tools of data and information services that influence demand and search behavior. But what is the
subject of this management? This is the topic of the current chapter
Tracking Urban Mobility
Full text linkWithin the coordinate reference systems discussed in the previous chapter, location can be described.
Location data is increasingly becoming available from sensors integrated in urban mobility:
sensors that are attached to travelers or vehicles, or even to fix locations registering travelers or vehicles
passing by. This chapter will introduce some tracking technologies and their properties, and
then define the notion of a trajectory, with its critical properties of spatial and temporal granularity
(precision and sampling rate), and accuracy (linked to map matching). In addition, the chapter introduces
the two complementary frames of references for tracking urban mobility, the Lagrangian and
the Eulerian, and how to convert between them
Urban Mobility and Parking Demand
Full text linkParking demand, both current and future, depends on two aspects: the long-term impact of urbanization
and urban planning on parking demand, which is not addressed here, and, secondly, the choice
of mobility modes, which is discussed here. The choice of mobility modes may, on one hand, require
smart parking management and parking information, which is a result of the tracking technology discussed
before. On the other hand an informed or incentivized choice of mobility modes may even
lead to less parking demand
Parking as a Challenge for Urban Mobility: Introduction
Full text linkThis part of the book collects smart city approaches to support parking, mostly focusing on the parking
pressure in inner-urban areas. The presented recipes for parking information and management
rely on a smart – sensor-infused, connected, digitally enhanced – urban parking infrastructure that
incorporates and utilizes the smart geospatial technologies presented in the first part. It also complements
the approaches presented at the end of the first part, which focused on avoiding and shifting
private motorized trips in cities, and thus alleviated parking pressure. The approaches presented
also weigh also their options when confronted with traffic on roads with less infrastructure and less
discipline
Geospatial Technologies for Urban Mobility: Introduction
Full text linkThis chapter gives a broad introduction to the topics in the first part of this book. This first part
considers a range of geospatial technologies for smart cities and urban mobility, and demonstrates
their potential to shape the future of urban mobility. In this way, the first part prepares the ground,
or the framework, for the second part that focuses on technologies for smart parking and specifically
on smart parking challenges in the context of cities where private motorization is not yet saturated.
Readers who are already familiar with geospatial technologies and are only interested in the parking
challenges, can jump ahead to the second part after this introduction
Mapping Parking Spaces Using Crowd-Sourced Trajectories
Full text linkMapping urban parking spaces helps drivers to reduce their search and cruising for parking, thus
reducing traffic, reducing emissions, and reducing total travel times. Mapped urban parking spaces
can also be monitored for real-time occupancy information. But while many cities in Asia, Africa,
and Latin America are experiencing a strong increase of private car use on the roads, they typically
lack such reliable information regarding on-street parking spaces. Hence, in this chapter we explore
globally applicable mapping methods for on-street parking locations, as a first step towards smart
parking (for an alternative approach see Chapter 11)
Modelling the potential distribution of Bemisia tabaci in Europe in light of the climate change scenario
No full textBACKGROUND:Bemisia tabaci is a serious pest of agriculturalandhorticultural crops ingreenhousesandfields aroundtheworld.
This paper deals with the distribution of the pest under field conditions. In Europe, the insect is currently found in coastal regions
of Mediterranean countries where it is subject to quarantine regulations. To assess the risk presented by B. tabaci to Europe, the
area of potential establishment of this insect, in light of the climate change scenario,was assessed by a temperature-dependent
physiologically based demographicmodel (PBDM).
RESULTS: The simulated potential distribution under current climate conditions has been successfully validated with the
available field records of B. tabaci in Europe. Considering climate change scenarios of+1and+2 ∘C, range expansion by B. tabaci
is predicted, particularly in Spain, France, Italy, Greece and along the Adriatic coast of the Balkans. Nonetheless, even under
the scenario of +2 ∘C, northern European countries are not likely to be at risk of B. tabaci establishment because of climatic
limitations.
CONCLUSION: Model validation with field observations and evaluation of uncertainties associated with model parameter
variability support the reliability of model results. The PBDM developed here can be applied to other organisms and offers
significant advantages for assessing the potential distribution of invasive species
Functional characterization and subcellular localization of the 16K cysteine-rich suppressor of gene silencing protein of tobacco rattle virus
No full textThe 16 kDa cysteine-rich protein (16K) of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is known to partially suppress RNA silencing in Drosophila cells. In this study, we show that 16K suppresses RNA silencing in green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay. 16K slightly reduced the accumulation of short interfering RNAs (siRNA) of GFP, suggesting that the protein may interfere with the initiation and/or maintenance of RNA silencing. Deletion of either the N- or C-terminal part of 16K indicated that the entire 16K open reading frame (ORF) is necessary for its silencing suppression function. Pentapeptide insertion scanning mutagenesis (PSM) revealed that only two short regions of 16K tolerated five extra amino acid insertions without considerable reduction in its silencing suppression function. The tolerant regions coincide with sequence variability between tobravirus cysteine-rich proteins, indicating a strong functional and/or structural conservation of TRV 16K. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of transiently expressed 16K fusions to red fluorescent protein (RFP) revealed a predominant cytoplasmic localization and, in addition, a nuclear localization. In contrast, fusions of RFP with the N-terminal region of 16K localized exclusively to the cytoplasm, whereas fusions between RFP and the C-terminal region of 16K displayed an exclusive nuclear localization. Further analysis of 16K-derived peptide fusions demonstrated that the 16K C-terminal region contained at least two functional bipartite nuclear localization signals which were independently capable of nuclear targeting
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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