38 research outputs found
A Study on Mytel Operator Services Development (Case Study:East and West Bago Region) ( Win Min Htun, 2024)
No full textThis study analyzes the infrastructure development of MyTel Operator in the
Bago Division and its effects on the telecommunications landscape and overall socioeconomic growth in the region. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research
encompasses quantitative data from surveys administered to 90 respondents,
exploring aspects such as network quality, customer service, pricing strategies,
marketing and promotion, and technological innovations. Correlation and multiple
regression analyses are employed to assess the relationships between these factors and
their impact on service development. The findings reveal that while MyTel has made
significant strides in improving service quality and customer satisfaction, certain
areas, such as pricing competitiveness and service range, require further enhancement.
The study emphasizes the importance of ongoing infrastructure investment and
customer feedback integration to foster sustainable growth. Recommendations for
future research include exploring the long-term impacts of technological innovations
and the role of customer service in shaping brand loyalty. This analysis provides
valuable insights into the strategic imperatives for MyTel Operator and highlights the
critical role of telecommunications infrastructure in driving regional development
A Legal Study of the Notion of Internal Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law and Myanmar
No full text학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 법학과, 2012. 8. Lee Keun Gwan.ABSTRACT
A Legal Study of the Notion of Internal Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law and Myanmar
WIN MIN HTUN
Under the supervision of Professor Lee Keun Gwan
At the College of Law, Seoul National University in Seoul, Korea
Today, given the various scenes of serious armed conflict within States around the world, it has been proven that the problems of internal armed conflicts are rapidly supplanting formal wars between nations. These types of armed conflicts remain undeclared, and have caused a modern challenge to international peace. Consequently there are obligations to respect the provisions of humanitarian law. Unfortunately, most of the States are reluctant to recognize their internal armed violence as non-international armed conflict under the scope of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and its Additional Protocol 2. They considered that such recognition of armed conflict not of an international character, could lead to the international legitimacy of the insurgent groups. In their view, these types of armed conflicts are just attacks against the government by rebels within a State, and thus they fall into the category of purely internal affairs of the State. In such events, understanding of the nature of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, and particularly its Additional Protocol 2, becomes essential in analyzing the notion of internal armed conflict with respect to the essence of International Humanitarian Law.
Myanmar is a signatory of the Geneva Conventions, and famous for hosting one of the longest running and perhaps most complex conflicts on Earth. During which several different ethnic groups attempted to secede from the nation in the years following World War 2. Most of these groups continue the struggle to this day, along with political dissidents who took up arms after a 1962 and 1988 coup. As a consequence of a long history of internal armed conflict, the government faces allegations of human rights abuses and humanitarian issues by the international communitywith the UN Myanmar expert saying that some violations may be war crimes. In April, 2011, the new government took the State authority from a military regime to a civil system, and they have taken a number of steps toward improving conditions. Yet, many serious human rights issues and conflicts remain to be solved. Among them, an armed conflict between the new government and the ethnic armed group, Kachin Independence Organization (KIO/KIA)an ongoing issue is threatening the prospects of peace and stability in the northern highlands of Myanmar.
Therefore, my dissertation focuses on the field of internal armed conflict in international humanitarian law. This type of conflict usually occurs within a single State, and may also pose as a serious challenge to the peace of the High Contracting Parties or States. This paper will examine the nature of internal armed conflict in international humanitarian law and demonstrate how law can guide the conduct of hostilities, and mitigate the consequences of the use of armed force between armed groups in a State.
As a starting point, a general introduction of the notion of internal armed conflict, the rationale of internal armed conflict, why this topic was chosen and, the study objective are included in Chapter One. Additionally, some related legal issue can also be found in this chapter.
Chapter Two briefly introduces the historical overview of armed conflicts in Myanmar and divides it into three parts, the situation before the colonial era, the post-independence situation, and the situation after 1990 to early 2012. International responses to the armed conflicts in Myanmar, the resolution of the UN, and the reports by Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council are also highlighted in this part. Moreover, the reactions of ASEAN (Association of South East Asia Nations), the role of ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) and the view of HRW (Human Rights Watch) will be discussed as a way to understand the response of the international community to the status of armed conflicts in Myanmar.
Chapter Three examines the laws and legal framework of non international armed conflict in international humanitarian law. The first section addresses the major sources of the laws of war and the laws of Geneva and the Hague, beginning with an overview of the current armed conflict situation in Myanmar. Then, the development of the notion of armed conflict, the core provisions of internal armed conflicts, Common Article 3 and its Additional Protocol 2, and some relevant provisions from the Rome Statute are explored. Common Article 3 regarding non-international armed conflict has been developed by the assistance of the ICRC and it has become a mandatory obligation for all States. Thus, the role and practice of the ICRC is discussed before examining two main aspects of internal armed conflict. The aim is to complement the legal notion of internal armed conflict by referring to significant outcomes of former ad hoc Tribunals jurisdictions such as Tadic, Limaj, and others.
Chapter Four evaluates the types of armed conflicts, beginning with the status of ethnic groups and the strength of ethnic armed groups in Myanmar. After that, causes of conflict and the changes to the nature of ethnic armed conflicts, extending to the continuous fighting between government armed forces (GAF) and the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) in the northern highlands of Myanmar is discussed. There, some disputable humanitarian issues and alleged crimes arising from internal armed conflicts are explored. The objective is to clarify whether or not the nature of armed conflict in Myanmar has reached the threshold of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions. And, at least, try to seek more effective attention to the fundamental humanitarian provisions of international law (according to Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions) by armed groups.
The last chapter, Chapter Five of the dissertation is divided into two parts. The first is analysis of the deficiency of understanding between armed groups, and an attempt to discover the possible root causes of persistent hostilities between the GAF and the KIO. In the second part, some possible solutions and recommendations are proposed as better means to reduce the negative effects of prolonged armed conflicts in Kachin State of Myanmar.
To be a non-international armed conflict, the basic requirements for an armed conflict not of an international character have to be fulfilled within the scope of Common Article 3 and its Additional Protocol 2. More importantly, finding evidence for making decisions on internal armed conflict heavily relies on case-by-case analysis. Therefore, the critical analysis and suggestions of this dissertation are neither perfect nor complete, rather, a possible way of speculating on the notion of armed conflict and suggesting possible solutions for ending armed conflicts between KIO/KIA and GAF. The primary intention of this dissertation is to figure out the legal character of internal armed conflict in international humanitarian law and try to find some possible ways to reduce the implications of armed conflicts in Myanmar.TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1-1. The Notion of Non-International Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law…………………………………………………. 1
1-2. Rationale Study…………………………………………………….. 3
1-3. Objective…………………………………………………………… 7
CHAPTER TWO: AN OVERVIEW OF ARMED CONFLICTS IN MYNAMAR
2-1. A Brief History of Myanmar…………………………………….. 10
2-2. Historical Overview of Internal Conflict in Myanmar…………... 11
2-2-1. The Situation before the Colonial Era…………………...12
2-2-2. The Situation after Independence to1990………………. 16
2-2-3. The Situation after 1990 to Early 2012…………………..19
2-3. The Reaction of the International Community…………………... 22
2-3-1. The Reactions of United Nations and Myanmar………... 22
2-3-2. The Reactions of Regional Organization (ASEAN)
and Myanmar…………………………………………… 26
2-3-3. ICRC and Myanmar…………………………………….. 28
2-3-4. Human Rights Watch and Myanmar……………………. 31
2-4. Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 33
CHAPTER THREE: AN OVERVIEW OF NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT IN INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
3-1. The Notion of War and Armed Conflict…………………………. 37
3-2. The Development of Internal Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law……………………………………………….. 41
3-2-1. An Overview of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions 1949………………………………………. 44
3-2-2. An Overview of Additional Protocol 2 of 1977………… 48
3-2-3 The Rome Statute and Internal Armed Conflict………… 50
3-2-4. The Role and Practice of the ICRC in Non-International Armed Conflict…………………………………………. 52
3-3. Two Aspects of Non-International Armed Conflict………………55
3-3-1. The Aspect of Organized Armed Group……………… 57
3-3-2. The Aspect of Protracted Armed Violence…………… 60
3-4. Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 62
CHAPTER FOUR: EVALUATING THE ARMED CONFLICT OF MYANMAR IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
4-1. The Situation of Ethnic Minorities and Armed Groups in Myanmar…………………………………………………………. 65
4-1-1. The Situation of Ethnic Minorities in Myanmar………... 65
4-1-2. The Situation of Ethnic, Armed Groups in Myanmar…... 67
4-2. Brief history of Kachin State and Kachin Independence Organization/Army (KIO/KIA)...................................................... 70
4-2-1. Conflict between the Government Armed Force and Kachin Independence Organization and Army (KIO/KIA)……... 72
4-2-2. Consequences of Conflict and Civilian Casualties……... 74
4-3. Evaluation of the Armed Conflict of Myanmar………………….. 79
4-3-1. Evaluation within the Framework of Common Article 3.. 79
4-3-2. Evaluation within the Framework of Additional Protocol 2………………………………………………………………….. 82
4-4 Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 85
CHAPTERFIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5. Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 87
5-1. Analysis of Deficiencies…………………………………………. 87
5-2. Recommendations……………………………………………….. 90Maste
Confirmation of Skywalker Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock tianxing) in Myanmar Extends Known Geographic Range of an Endangered Primate
No full textSeismic Performance Comparison of Fixed Base and Isolated Base Steel Multi-Storey Building
No full textThis study presents the comparative study on seismic performance of with and without isolation in eight-storeyed hypothetic steel building located in Mandalay. The base isolation system that is utilized lead rubber bearing which made with Japan rubber and Myanmar rubbers (RSS-1 and RSS-3). In this study, base isolation devices are installed under each column between the building and the supporting foundation to support the building and to minimize the damage due to earthquake. In this study, comparative advantages for using lead rubber bearing isolation systems with various types of rubber are mainly investigated by performing response spectrum and nonlinear time history analyses. The comparison process has been carried out on performance of the structure with storey displacement, storey acceleration, and storey drift. In the analysis phase, nonlinear time history analyses at DBE and MCE levels are conducted in ETABS to obtain the related floor accelerations, interstorey drifts and storey displacement. In performance assessment phase, probable damage cost, repair time and rate of injuries are computed using fragility curves and FEMA P-58 methodology in Performance Assessment Calculation Tool (PACT). Damage cost, repair time and rate of injuries are computed for each building at seismic demand level and the results are compared. According to investigation conducted, it can be inferred that RSS-3 is more effective than RSS-1 at DBE while RSS-1 is better than RSS-3 at MCE levels
Oxygen Therapy
No full textOxygen therapy is a treatment providing more than 21% oxygen to the patients. It is necessary to take
into account its indications, side effects and prescribing methods. Specific oxygen delivering devices are available
and it is categorised into fixed and variable performance devices. Choice of these devices depends on condition of
individual patients. Oxygen can be prescribed as uncontrolled oxygen therapy or controlled oxygen therapy which
also depends on the disease state of the patients. Risks and benefits of oxygen should be balanced, however it
should not be prevented in any crisis conditio
Comparative Study on Performance Assessment of Steel Structure with Lead Rubber Bearing System (Myanmar Rubber) and Fixed Base
No full textPage Segmentation and Document Layout Analysis for Scanned Image by using Smearing Algorithm
No full textThis paper presents a feature-based system which utilizes domain knowledge to segment and classify scanned image documents. Documents usually consists of a mixture of text and image. Text block possesses an interesting property that the x-profile or y-profile of text block is a periodic pattern. Image block possesses generate the connectivity histogram by summing the number of dark pixels with the same connectivity value. Initially, one-scan run-length smearing algorithm (RLSA) with block merging is proposed to segment the document. After segmentation process, the next task is to classify the segmented block. The classification task is then performed based on the rules induced from the features or primitives associated with each document. In this system, proper use of domain knowledge is proved to be effective in accelerating the segmentation speed and decreasing the classification error
"European Union and Myanmar Relations: EU as a Partnership for Democracy, Peace and Prosperity (2011-2020)"
No full text"This research explores the European Union-Myanmar relations and the European Union as an important partner in Myanmar’s democratic transition process between 2011 and 2020.
Myanmar’s administration began a significant reform process in 2011, launching the first steps toward democratization, peace with the country’s ethnic armed groups and socioeconomic recovery. EU was Myanmar’s transition partner which immediately responded to political situations in the country and offered considerable assistance for democratic and economic reforms as well as peace-building. EU was Myanmar’s fourth largest trade partner and also one of its highest aid donors at that moment. Despite uncertainty in the political relations with the Western Nations, EU suspended the sanctions on Myanmar in April 2012 and eventually removed them in April 2013. Concerning EU policy towards Myanmar is less concrete and progress toward democracy and human rights in the country is still a long way off. The economic cooperation has become the primary element in imposing soft sanctions on Myanmar. EU has been criticizing the Myanmar government under its norms, but it has not stopped helping and supporting civil society. Using a qualitative approach, this research observes the existing data regarding the EU’s approach, policy and aid assistance to Myanmar as well as other bilateral engagements between Myanmar and EU.
Supracutaneous plate: A comparable alternative to external fixator in the treatment of open fracture
No full textCyrtodactylus pyadalinensis Grismer & Wood & Thura & Win & Quah 2019, sp. nov.
No full textCyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Bent-toed Gecko (Figs. 5, 6) Holotype. Subadult male CAS 226143 collected during the evening on 16 July 2002 by G.O.U. Wogan, R. S. Lucas, J. V. Vindum, Thin Thin, and A. K. Shein from Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, Shan State, Myanmar (21.107000°N, 96.352111°E; 220 m in elevation). Paratypes. Subadult male CAS 226142 collected during the evening on 16 July 2002 by Htun Win from Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, Shan State, Myanmar (21.115801°N, 96.360694°E; 346 m in elevation). Adult female LSUHC 13932 collected at 2100 hrs on 26 March 2018 by Perry L. Wood Jr., Nyo Min Htwe, and L. Lee Grismer from immediately outside the Pyadalin Cave, Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (21.13275°N, 96.34026°E; 306m in elevation.) Additional material examined. Hatchling LSUHC 13933 bearing the same locality and collection data as LSUHC 13932 except that it was collected by Nyo Min Htwe, Perry L. Wood Jr., and L. Lee Grismer. Diagnosis. Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. differs from all other species in the peguensis group by having the unique combination of eight supralabials and 6–8 infralabials; 31–33 paravertebral tubercles; 19–21 longitudinal rows of body tubercles; 38–40 ventral scales; 16–18 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; 14 or 15 femoral pores in males; nine or 10 precloacal pores in males; two or three rows of enlarged, post-precloacal scales; top of head bearing dark blotches; 4–6 dark body bands; dark body bands lacking paravertebral elements; and maximum SVL of 72.1 mm (Table 4). Description of holotype. Subadult male, SVL 51.1 mm; head moderate in length (HL/SVL 0.28), wide (HW/ HL 0.61), somewhat flattened (HD/HL 0.37), distinct from neck, triangular in dorsal profile; lores inflated, prefrontal region concave, canthus rostralis rounded; snout elongate (ES/HL 0.39), rounded in dorsal profile; eye large (ED/HL 0.21); ear opening elliptical, moderate in size (EL/HL 0.09); eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral rectangular, partially divided dorsally, bordered posteriorly by large left and right supranasals separated small internasal, laterally by first supralabials; external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by large supranasal, posteriorly by three postnasals (upper largest), ventrally by first supralabial; eight (R,L) rectangular supralabials extending to below midpoint of eye; seven (R,L) infralabials tapering smoothly to below posterior margin of eye; scales of rostrum and lores flat, larger than granular scales on top of head and occiput; scales on top of head and occiput intermixed with slightly enlarged tubercles; dorsal supraciliaries not elongate or keeled; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by large, left and right trapezoidal postmentals that contact medially for 70% of their length posterior to mental; one row of slightly large chinshields tapering posteriorly to fourth infralabial; and gular and throat scales small, granular, grading posteriorly into larger, flatter, smooth, subimbricate to imbricate, pectoral and ventral scales. Body relatively short (AG/SVL 0.44) with weak ventrolateral folds; dorsal scales small, interspersed with larger, semi-regularly arranged, moderately keeled tubercles; tubercles extend from occiput onto base of tail but no farther; tubercles on occiput and nape smaller than those on posterior portion of body; approximately 21 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles; 31 paravertebral tubercles; approximately 40 flat, imbricate, ventral scales larger than dorsal scales; nine pore-bearing precloacal scales; two rows of large post-precloacal scales; and no deep precloacal groove or depression. Forelimbs moderate in stature, relatively short (FL/SVL 0.15); flat scales of anterior margin of forearm larger than those on body, not interspersed with tubercles; palmar scales raised; digits relatively short, well-developed, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; claws well-developed, sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; hind limbs more robust than forelimbs, moderate in length (TBL/SVL 0.16), covered dorsally by granular scales interspersed with slightly larger, weakly keeled tubercles and anteriorly by large, flat, imbricate scales; ventral scales of femora flat, imbricate, larger than dorsals, lacking a distinct row of enlarged femoral scales; small postfemoral scales form an abrupt union with large, flat ventral scales of posteroventral margin of thigh; subtibial scales flat, imbricate; plantar scales slightly raised; digits relatively short, well- developed, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; 18 subdigital lamellae (R,L) on fourth toe; claws well-developed, base of claw sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; two enlarged postcloacal tubercles at base of tail; and postcloacal scales flat. Tail original, 56.9 mm in length, 4.9 mm in width at base, tapering to a point; dorsal scales square and flat; transversely enlarged, median, subcaudal scales twice as wide as long, not extending onto lateral margin of tail in original section. Coloration in life (Fig. 6). Dorsal ground color of head body, limbs, and tail yellow; top of head bearing large, dark-brown, irregularly shaped, conjoined blotches edged in yellow; dark-brown, wide, nuchal loop extending from posterior margin of one eye, across occiput, to posterior margin of other eye; nape bearing a wide, dark-brown band edged in yellow; five wide, dark-brown body bands between limb insertions edged in yellow lacking paravertebral components, posterior three obliquely oriented; large, round, dark-brown markings between body bands; 6–8 smaller, diffuse brown blotches along lower margins of flanks; one dark-brown post-sacral band edged in yellow not bearing paravertebral elements; 12 dark-brown caudal bands wider than the 12 yellow caudal bands; dorsal portion of forelimbs darkly mottled to banded; dorsal portion of hind limbs bearing irregularly shaped, darkbrown blotches edged in yellow; and all ventral surfaces generally beige, immaculate. Variation. The paratypes generally approach the holotype in most aspects of coloration and pattern. The most notable difference is in the dorsal banding pattern where the paratypes have more transversely oriented dark, dorsal bands as opposed to the holotype whose bands are more obliquely oriented. In the paratype CAS 226142, the central band between the limb insertions is somewhat oval-shaped and bears a central light spot. The dark dorsal bands in the paratype LSUHC 13933 are considerably narrower than those of all the other specimens in the type series and the distal one-half of the tail is missing. The paratype LSUHC 13932 has a regenerated tail bearing a dark-beige ground color overlain with small, dark, irregularly shaped markings. Meristic differences among specimens of the type series are resented in Table 5. ……continued on the next page 22 TABLE 5. Meristic, mensural, and color pattern data for Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. and C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. / = data unobtainable. ……continued on the next page Distribution. Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. is known only from the vicinity of the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave in the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, Taunggyi District, Shan State, Myanmar (Fig. 1). Etymology. The specific epithet, pyadalinensis, is a toponym referring to the type locality in the vicinity of the Pyadalin Cave. Natural history. The type series of Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. were all collected in the vicinity of the Kinda Reservoir between the Panulaung River and the Pyadalin Cave. This area is within the foothills and rocky plain of the Nwalabo Mountain range on the western fringe of the Shan Plateau (Fig. 1) between 213 and 306 m in elevation. The habitat is composed of low-lying, highly eroded terrain and scree of the Nwalabo Mountains. It bears scattered karstic rocks and boulders surrounded by disturbed, drought-adapted, scrub Indiang Forest vegetation that is seasonally burned (Fig. 7). All specimens were found at night between 1900 and 2300 hrs among small rocks and leaf-leaf litter. Comparisons. Cyrtodactylus pyadalinensis sp. nov. descends from one of the deeper divergences of the peguensis group and the sister species to the clade (C. niyniykyawi sp. nov. (C. peguensis (C. pyinyaungensis and C. myintkyawthurai))) from which it differs by an uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence of 9.0–10.3%. From C. meersi and C. annandalei which occur outside this clade, it differs by 10.7–11.0% and 14.0–14.3%, respectively. It differs from all other species except C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. in the dark-brown dorsal bands lacking as opposed to having paravertebral elements. It differs further from C. annandalei in that the top of the head is blotched as opposed to being unicolor. Differences from C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. are presented in the Comparisons section above. Statistically significant mean differences in meristic characters among C. pyadalinensis sp. nov., C. myintkyawthurai, and C. pyinyaungensis are presented in Tables 3 and 4.Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo & Quah, Evan S. H., 2019, Two more new species of the Cyrtodactylus peguensis group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the fringes of the Ayeyarwady Basin, Myanmar, pp. 274-294 in Zootaxa 4577 (2) on pages 284-291, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4577.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/399355
