80 research outputs found
Nest Characteristics and Clutch Size of Prinia inornata (Sykes, 1832) At Shwe Hlan Bo Lake Environs, Sintkaing Township, Mandalay Region
No full textThe total number of 81 nests and 241 eggs were found during April 2018 to January, 2019. The highest number of nests was found in September (15 nests). All nests were rather longer and pendant shaped and clutch size ranged from two to four eggs. The highest nest was found in Site II (26 nests). The most preference of nest site or nest plant was Typha amgustifolia (19 nests, 23%). Among seven nest plants, the correlation between nest area and nest volume were no significantly in Saccharum spp 1 and Saccharum spp 2 (p>0.05), the rests five nest plants (Abutilon indicum , Calotropis procera, Typha amgustifolia, Saccharum officinarum, Cymbapogon citrates) were significantly found (p0.05) in the study area. Shwe Hlan Bo Lake environs appeared suitable nesting site for Prinia inornata, because this lake edged with inundated area, the abundance of suitable of nest plants, rich in food resources, and very little human disturbances
Effect of different border molding materials on the retention of mandibular complete denture base
No full textThe history of complete denture impression procedures has been largely influenced by the development of new impression materials and techniques. There are various researches for achieving an optimum impression in different ways by different researchers. The problem of retention still plays a main challenging role in mandibular complete denture construction. The aim of this study was to compare the retention of mandibular complete denture bases made by using different border molding materials such as heavy body rubber base, medium body rubber base and modeling compound stick.
Fifteen mandibular completely edentulous patients were selected and three types of border molding impression were made for each patient. First, border molding with heavy body rubber base and final wash impression were made with light body rubber base. For the second, border molding was done using medium body rubber base followed by light body rubber base final wash. Finally, the third impression was made using modeling compound stick for border molding followed by zinc oxide eugenol impression paste for final wash. Three stone master casts were obtained for each patient and three denture bases were fabricated with heat cured acrylic resin. Then, retentive forces were measured after border molding, after final wash impression and on the resultant denture bases.
The results revealed that no statistically significance at (p value > 0.05) among three border molding materials. But denture base made by using medium body rubber base showed the highest mean value (2.227 kgf) of retention followed by that of heavy body rubber base, while that of modeling compound stick showed the lowest mean value. However, on clinical examination, the retention obtained by the three materials was acceptable in fabrication of complete denture for patients.Aung T, Kyaw PP, Win A, Hlaing S, Ko K. Effect of different border molding materials on the retention of mandibular complete denture base: Border molding material on retention of denture. J Clin Dent Rel Res [Internet]. 2020Nov.22;1(1):19-26. Available from: http://www.jcdrr-udmm.com/jcdrr/article/view/1
Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi Grismer & Wood & Thura & Win & Quah 2019, sp. nov.
No full textCyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi sp. nov. Shwe Settaw Bent-toed Gecko (Fig. 4) Holotype. Adult female CAS 226139 collected on 14 September 2002 at 1030 hrs by Thin Thin, Kyi Soe Lwin, and Hla Tun from Shwe Settaw Wildlife Sanctuary, Min Bu Township, Magway Region, Myanmar (20.05972°N, 94.59611°E; 137 m in elevation). Diagnosis. Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi sp. nov. differs from all other species in the peguensis group by having the unique combination of nine supralabials; eight infralabials; 35 paravertebral tubercles; 20 longitudinal rows of body tubercles; 35 ventral scales; 19 subdigital lamellae on the fourth toe; four rows of enlarged, post-precloacal scales; keeled, conical, body tubercles; top of head bearing dark blotches; five dark, body bands; dark body bands lacking paravertebral elements; and maximum SVL of 64.5 mm (Table 3). Description of holotype. Adult female, SVL 64.5 mm; head moderate in length (HL/SVL 0.25), wide (HW/ HL 0.62), somewhat flattened (HD/HL 0.42), distinct from neck, triangular in dorsal profile; lores inflated, prefrontal region concave, canthus rostralis rounded; snout elongate (ES/HL 0.40), rounded in dorsal profile; eye large (ED/HL 0.20); ear opening elliptical, moderate in size (EL/HL 0.09); eye to ear distance greater than diameter of eye; rostral rectangular, partially divided dorsally, bordered posteriorly by large left and right supranasals separated small internasal, laterally by first supralabials; external nares bordered anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by large supranasal, posteriorly by three postnasals (upper largest), ventrally by first supralabial; nine (R) supralabials extending to below midpoint of eye ball; eight rectangular infralabials tapering smoothly to below posterior margin of eye ball; scales of rostrum and lores flat, larger than granular scales on top of head and occiput; scales on top of head and occiput intermixed with slightly enlarged tubercles; dorsal supraciliaries not elongate or keeled; mental triangular, bordered laterally by first infralabials and posteriorly by large, left and right trapezoidal postmentals that contact medially for 70% of their length posterior to mental; one row of slightly enlarged chinshields tapering posteriorly to fourth infralabial; and gular and throat scales small, granular, grading posteriorly into larger, flatter, smooth, subimbricate to imbricate, pectoral and ventral scales. Body relatively short (AG/SVL 0.52) with weak ventrolateral folds; dorsal scales small, interspersed with larger, semi-regularly arranged, weakly keeled tubercles; tubercles extend from occiput onto base of tail but no farther; tubercles on occiput and nape smaller than those on posterior portion of body; approximately 20 longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles; approximately 35 paravertebral tubercles; 35 flat, imbricate, ventral scales larger than dorsal scales; seven dimpled, precloacal scales; and four rows of enlarged post-precloacal scales. Forelimbs moderate in stature, relatively short (FL/SVL 0.13); flat scales of anterior margin of forearm larger than those on body, not interspersed with tubercles; palmar scales raised; digits relatively short, well-developed, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; claws well-developed, sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; hind limbs more robust than forelimbs, moderate in length (TBL/SVL 0.17), covered dorsally by granular scales interspersed with slightly larger, weakly keeled tubercles and anteriorly by large, flat, imbricate scales; ventral scales of femora flat, imbricate, larger than dorsals, lacking a distinct row of enlarged femoral scales; small postfemoral scales form an abrupt union with larger, flat ventral scales of posteroventral margin of thigh; subtibial scales flat, imbricate; plantar scales slightly raised; digits relatively short, welldeveloped, inflected at basal, interphalangeal joints, slightly narrower distal to inflections; 19 subdigital lamellae (R,L) on fourth toe; claws well-developed, base of claw sheathed by a dorsal and ventral scale; two enlarged postcloacal tubercles at base of tail; postcloacal scales flat. Proximal 14.4 mm of tail original, posterior 32.4 mm regenerated, 5.4 mm in width at base, tapering to a point; dorsal scales of original of tail granular rapidly becoming flatter posteriorly; dorsal scales of regenerated tail large, flat, semi-regular in arrangement; and transversely enlarged, median, subcaudal scales twice as wide as long, not extending onto lateral margin of tail in original section. Coloration in life (Fig. 4). Dorsal ground color of head body, limbs, and tail yellow; top of head bearing large, dark-brown, irregularly shaped blotches edged in yellow; dark-brown, wide, nuchal loop extending from posterior margin of one eye, across occiput, to posterior margin of other eye; nape bearing a wide, dark-brown band edged in yellow; four wide, dark-brown body bands between limb insertions edged in yellow lacking distinct, paravertebral components; large, round, dark-brown markings between body bands two and three and three and four; seven or eight smaller, somewhat diffuse brown blotches along lower margins of flanks; one wide, dark-brown post-sacral band edged in yellow not bearing paravertebral sections; one dark-brown caudal band on original portion of tail; regenerated portion of tail light-colored bearing diffuse, randomly arranged, dark markings; dorsal portion of forelimbs darkly mottled to banded; dorsal portion of hind limbs bearing irregularly shaped, dark-brown blotches edged in yellow. All ventral surfaces generally beige, immaculate. Distribution. Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi sp. nov. is known only from the type locality of the Shwe Settaw Wildlife Sanctuary, Min Bu Township, Magway Region, Myanmar (Fig. 1). Etymology. The specific epithet, nyinyikyawi is a patronym honoring Nyi Nyi Kyaw the Director General of the Forestry Department for his contributions to conservation efforts in Myanmar in general and to our work in particular. Natural History. The holotype CAS 226139 is a gravid female collected on the ground in secondary dry deciduous hardwood forest at 1030 hrs along the edges of a small seasonal lake. Being gravid with two eggs indicates that the monsoon month of September falls within this species’ reproductive season. Comparisons Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi sp. nov. is the sister species of a clade that includes the sister species C. peguensis and C. pyinaungensis and C. myinykyawthurai (Fig. 2). It differs from C. peguensis by a 9.3% uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence, from C. myintkyawthurai by an 11.3–12.3% sequence divergence, and from C. pyinaungensis by a sequence divergence of 10.0–10.3%. Outside this clade, C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. differs from C. meersi by a sequence divergence of 10%, from the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave population if differs by 9.3– 9.7%, and from C. annandalei it differs by 10.3%. It differs from all species of the peguensis group by having a higher number of paravertebral tubercles (35 vs. 25–33, collectively) and differs from all other species except the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave population by the dark dorsal bands lacking distinct, paravertebral elements as opposed to having them (Figs. 4, 5). It differs further from C. annandalei in that the top of the head is blotched as opposed to being unicolor It differs further from the Panluang-Pyadalin Cave population in having 35 as opposed to 38–40 ventral scale rows. Other differences separating C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. form other peguensis group species are listed in Tables 2 and 3. continued. myintkyawthurai, C. pyinyaungensis, and C. pyadalinensis sp. nov. Remarks. Some (i.e. Dayrat 2005; Thomas Hbrek, in litt, 2018) have grave concerns about descriptions of new species based on only a single specimen, and posit that this should ‘never’ be done because such a description cannot take into account intraspecific variation that could potentially preclude its specific recognition. The myopic nature of this opinion notwithstanding, it is not only incorrect philosophically—as the ontological existence of a species is independent of its diagnosis (Frost & Kluge 1994)—it is counterproductive in reality. Additionally, such tactics would impede biodiversity studies in general and taxonomy in particular. Estimates have shown that 19% of all new vertebrate species described between 2000 and 2010 were based on a single specimen (Lim et al. 2012) and that number is likely to have increased in the last seven years—an indication that often, this is the logical first step in constructing species delimitation hypotheses (i.e. integrative taxonomies). Furthermore, with well-supported phylogenetic data such as that herein indicating that the specimen in question is not nested within or a sister species to any other species and shares a 9.3–12.3% uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence from its closest relatives, renders any morphological arguments to the contrary moot—regardless of these arguments’ erroneous conflation and confusion of ontology and epistemology. However, in this case, Cyrtodactylus nyinyikyawi sp. nov. has widely differing morphological and color pattern characters that at this point, distinguish it from all other species in the peguensis group, thus further eclipsing assumptions that it may be conspecific with something else. We are concerned about describing a new species based on a single specimen but only because the diagnosis is incomplete, not because it has anything to do with the reality of the specimen representing a distinct, independently evolving lineage based on the molecular evidence. Given the general ongoing biodiversity crisis throughout Southeast Asia, we felt it prudent to describe this species for potential protective status rather than delay its publication for the sake of a better diagnosis. The weak part of recognizing this specimen as a distinct species is not the incomplete diagnosis, but that the species was initially delimited on the basis of a single-locus mtDNA phylogeny. It is well-documented that mtDNA phylogenies can reveal significant structure in a data set by recovering sequentially nested monophyletic groups even though within that same data set, nuclear genes can indicate significant gene flow among these groups (e.g. Shaw 2002; Fisher-Reid & Wiens,2011; Toews & Brelsford 2012), thus precluding their species status. This weakens any hypothesis of specific identity based solely on mtDNA data. Nonetheless, given the current data available concerning its phylogenetic relationships and the discrete morphological and color pattern differences separating C. nyinyikyawi sp. nov. from its congeners in the peguensis group, we regard its specific identity as a robust, testable hypothesis.Published as part of Grismer, L. Lee, Wood, Perry L., Thura, Myint Kyaw, Win, Nay Myo & Quah, Evan S. H., 2019, Two more new species of the Cyrtodactylus peguensis group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the fringes of the Ayeyarwady Basin, Myanmar, pp. 274-294 in Zootaxa 4577 (2) on pages 280-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4577.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/399355
Study on Microstructural and Temperature Dependent Electrical Conductivity of Magnesium Ferrite, MgFe2O4
No full textMagnesium Ferrite, MgFe2O4, was prepared by solid state reaction method. Analar grade Magnesium Oxide, MgO and Ferric Oxide, Fe2O3 with stoichiometric composition were used to prepare the sample. Morphological features of the as-prepared sample were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). SEM micrograph shows that the sample is circular shape with the grain sizes 0.10 m – 0.50 m and the samples are homogeneous. Temperature dependent electrical conductivities of the sample were investigated in the temperature range 300 K – 973 K. Experimental results show that the sample is a fast ion conductor in high temperatures
Polycrystalline Phase Formation of Magnesium Ferrite, MgFe2O4 Investigated by X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Methods
No full textMagnesium ferrite spinel, MgFe2O4 was prepared by conventional solid state reaction method at 1100C for 22 h in vacuum chamber. Structural and vibrational characteristics of the sample were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic methods. Crystal structure, lattice parameters and crystallite size of the sample were examined. Vibrational characteristics and mode assignments of the sample were analyzed to investigate the polycrystalline phase formation of the sample
Study on Production Characters of Cultivated Cotton Varieties in Selected Cotton Growing Areas of Myanmar
No full textA base line survey was conducted to observe farmers’ cultivated varieties in the cotton growing areas and to investigate the farmers’ preferred characters which are demanded for future use in cotton breeding program. A total of 100 respondent farmers from 5 townships were interviewed using a struc-tured questionnaires. Focus group discussion was also done among farmers in each township. The re-spondent farmers were asked to evaluate the cultivated cotton varieties using preference scale. Accord-ing to the survey data, the five varieties, Ngwechi-6, Shwe Daung-8, Ngwechi-9, RAKA-F1 and RAKA-F2 were farmers’ cultivated varieties in the survey sites. On the basis of benefit cost ratio (BCR), Ngwechi-6 was found to have more commercial benefit than the other cultivated cotton varieties. In the comparison of the varieties on the basis of farmers’ preferred ten characters, farmers’ preference were significantly different in all characters across varieties except growth in drought condition and boll size. The highest preference score in the yield character was found in RAKA-F1 and the lowest score in Ngwechi-9. There was clear evidence of a preference in RAKA-F1 hybrid cotton for all characters. No significant difference and the least preference were found between two varieties, Shwe Daung-8 and RAKA-F2. The farmers had different preferred characters for different cultivated cotton varieties and the most important varietal characters were high yield, pest resistance and adaptability. Hence, the breeding efforts should be done to supply a range of new cotton varieties that can fulfill the farmers’ requirement
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates on Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.)
No full textMaize is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. To investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on growth and yield of maize and to determine the suitable nitrogen fertilizer rate, an experiment was conducted by using Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications at Shwe Baho village, Zayarthiri Township, Nay Pyi Taw in post monsoon season and monsoon season. The treatments were T1 (no nitrogen application), T2 (90 kg N ha-1), T3 (120 kg N ha-1), T4 (150 kg N ha-1) and T5 (180 kg N ha-1) treatments. The tested maize variety was pacific-789 hybrid. According to the results, application of nitrogen gave the significant effect on grain yield and yield components of maize in both seasons. The superior maize yield was observed in all nitrogen treatments compared to control. The use of the highest nitrogen fertilizer rate (180 kg N ha-¹) in T5 gave the significant highest grain yield (7696.6 kg ha-¹) in post monsoon season and (8764.5 kg ha-¹) in monsoon season, respectively. In both seasons, the grain yield in T5 treatment was significantly increased about 62% over T1 treatment. Therefore, the application of nitrogen with the rate of T5 (180 kg ha-1) might be the appropriate rate to maximize the maize production. Considering the increased grain yield of the hybrid maize, nitrogen rate of T5 (180 kg ha-1) could be achieved in this study area
WCN24-675 ACUTE DIARRHEA IN LIVING KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS IN EARLY POST-TRANSPLANT PERIOD AT TWO TRANSPLANT CENTERS IN MYANMAR: ANY RELATION WITH BLOOD TACROLIMUS LEVEL?
No full textAgriculture Changes in Ywashe Village, Patheingyi Township: Nature, Policy and Farmer's Response
No full textMany governments adopted agricultural development policies related to crops type, land use pattern , and market for agriculture products to get the agro-based economic development. Some policies could actualize their aim and objectives, while others failed to gain their goals. If agricultural development policies are not fitted to the nature of a given area, farmers gradually adjust the policies to the form that is suitable to the natural environment. Since Myanmar shifted to market oriented economic system,
distinguished policy changes were carried out in the agriculture sector. This paper tried to analyze these policy changes and farmer 's response to these changes in different natural environment from a case study of Ywashe Village, Patheingyi Township. The study emphasized on the agriculture ohanges between the 1976 and 2005. Data used in this study were derived from intensive _open interviews conducted to 7 farmers during May 2005 and structured interviews conducted to 43 villagers (6 1% of farmers who owned their land in various amount) living in Ywashe during January and February 2006. The results revealed that farmers have done minor adjustments to the government policy to fit with given natural conditions. Some adjustment involved changes in crop type while others concerned with land use pattern change. 'Both types of changes are reflected from' a combination of the conditions of nature, agricultural development pol icy, and farmer's response
Etiology, Clinical Profiles, and Outcomes of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Cases Admitted to a Tertiary Care Center in Myanmar in 2023
No full textBackground/Objectives: The diagnosis of encephalitis is a challenging problem due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentations. The objective was to determine the etiology, clinical features, laboratory parameters, radiological findings, and in-hospital outcome of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases in Myanmar. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was conducted at the Neuromedical Ward of Yangon General Hospital from March to August 2023. Eighty-one AES cases were enrolled, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected. A Qiastat ME Panel was used to detect viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Results: Seventeen out of eighty-one (21%) cases were non-encephalitis with alternative definite diagnosis. Among the remaining 64 encephalitis cases, the exact infectious and immune etiologies were identified in 31 of 64 cases (48.4%); 26 of these (83.9%) were due to infectious causes and 5 (16.1%) were immune encephalitis. Among the infectious causes, six Herpes Simplex Virus-1-, one bacteriologically confirmed and seven probable Mycobacterium tuberculosis-, three Haemophilus influenzae-, two Streptococcus pneumoniae-, one Streptococcus pyogenes-, one Varicella-Zoster Virus (Ramsay Hunt Syndrome with meningoencephalitis)-, and two Cryptococcus neoformans-infected patients and rare causes such as Listeria monocytogenes, Burkholdelria cepacia, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Aspergillus were identified. One case was a dual infection with Haemophilus influenzae and Cryptococcus neformans. Abnormal protein levels and CSF pleocytosis were significantly higher among bacterial causes (p < 0.05). In total, 6.45% (2/31) of encephalitis patients with identified causes and 12.12% (4/33) of those without an identified organism had poor outcome. Conclusions: Herpes encephalitis and tuberculous meningoencepalitis were the commonest. This study highlighted that molecular testing with a multidisciplinary approach is required to ensure the right treatment on time
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