1,382 research outputs found
Weapons at the battlefield of Kalkriese
No full textArchaeological investigations have been taking place at the Kalkriese Hill in Northern Germany since 1987. Roman coins and military equipment are the result of a battle between Romans and Germans, probably the Varus Battle (A.D. 9). It is the aim of our research project to reconstruct the course of the battle. It has become apparent that one cannot deduct the intensity of fighting by the number of finds. Instead, we have to take into account the impact of post-battle processes on the archaeological record, such as rescuing of wounded soldiers, looting by the victors and body-stripping. This paper illustrates the finds and features from Kalkriese, especially from the main site «Oberesch», where most of the Roman artefacts as well as a rampart built by Germans as an ambush against Roman troops, and a series of pits containing the bones of the dead Roman soldiers were found. In addition, new methodological approaches for the interpretation of ancient battlefields are presented.Desde 1987 se vienen realizando investigaciones arqueológicas en la colina de Kalkriese, en Alemania septentrional. El hallazgo de monedas y equipo militar romanos refleja una batalla entre romanos y germanos, probablemente la de Varo en el año 9 d.C. El propósito de nuestro proyecto de investigación es reconstruir el curso de la batalla. Se hace evidente que no se puede deducir la intensidad de la lucha por el número de hallazgos. Por el contrario, hemos de tener muy en cuenta los procesos posteriores a la batalla sobre el registro arqueológico, como el rescate de soldados heridos, la captura de botín por parte de los vencedores y el saqueo de los cadáveres. Este trabajo ilustra los hallazgos y las caractertísticas del yacimiento de Kalkriese, especialmente en el núcleo del ‘Oberesch’, donde se ha hallado la mayor parte de los artefactos romanos, además de una empalizada construida por los germanos para emboscar a los romanos, y una serie de hoyos que contenían los huesos de los soldados romanos caídos. Además, se presentan nuevas aproximaciones metodológicas para la interpretación de los antiguos campos de batalla.
[fr] Différentes campagnes archéologiques ont été menées dans la montagne de Kalkriese, au nord de l’Allemagne, depuis 1987. Des monnaies romaines et des pièces d’équipement militaire y attestent le déroulement d’une bataille entre Romains et Germains, probablement celle de Varus en 9 p.C. L’objectif de notre projet de recherche consiste à reconstruire le déroulement de la bataille. Désormais, il est devenu clair qu’il n’est pas possible de déterminer l’intensité des combats à partir des concentrations de vestiges. Il faut en effet tenir compte de l’impact sur le registre archéologique des interventions immédiatement postérieures à la bataille elle-même, telles que la mise à l’écart des soldats blessés ou le pillage des dépouilles par les vainqueurs. Cet article présente les trouvailles et les caractéristiques du site de Kalkriese, en particulier de la zone principale de l’«Oberesch», où ont été retrouvés la plupart des objets romains ainsi que le rempart construit par les Germains pour tendre leur embuscade à l’armée romaine et une série de fosses contenant les ossements des soldats romains tués. Enfin, sont proposées de nouvelles approches méthodologiques pour l’interprétation des champs de bataille antiques
Continuous and Step-level Pay-off Functions in Public Good Games: A Conceptual Analysis
No full textConflicts between individuals’ and collective interests are ubiquitous in social life. Numerous experimental studies have investigated the resolution of such conflicts using public good games with either continuous or step-level payoff functions. A conceptual analysis using both classic game theory and social exchange theory shows that these two types of games are fundamentally different. A continuous function game is a social dilemma in that it contains a conflict between individual and collective interests whereas a step-level game is primarily a social coordination game. Thus, we conclude that one can not safely generalize results from step-level to continuous form games. Additionally, our analysis shows that the distinction between continuous and single-step games can be blurred by segmenting a continuous function into steps or adding steps to a single-step game. We identify characteristics of the payoff function that conceptually mark the transition from a dilemma to a coordination problem.
Ergänzungsmaterial zu: Das Kampfareal von Kalkriese. Fallstudie einer antiken Konfliktlandschaft
No full textSupplementary figures 4, 24, 41 & 5
Ausgrabungen auf dem »Oberesch« in Kalkriese von 1989 bis 2005: Ergebnisse und neue Arbeitsansätze interdisziplinärer Forschungen
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Letter from Susanne [Freitas] to the Okine Family, October 29, 1947
No full textThank you note from Susanne Freitas in San Juan Bautista, California, for the chrysanthemum flowers that the Okine's sent to her. She also mentions that she put the flowers on Mrs. Freitas' grave.The Okine Collection contains materials collected by Seiichi and Tomeyo Okine who were Issei flower growers in Whittier, California. It includes correspondence, photographs, financial documents, and a photo album. A large portion of the collection consists of family correspondence with Seiichi and Tomeyo Okine, including letters from their Nisei children, Masao and Makoto Okine, both soldiers overseas during World War II, to their Issei parents incarcerated in the Rohwer incarceration camp in McGehee, Arkansas. The correspondence also includes letters from their relatives and friends who are former incarcerees in the camps during the war and have “resettled” in Chicago, Illinois as well as letters from the Okines’ family members in Hiroshima, Japan during the Allied occupation of Japan. In addition, the collection includes a family photo album compiled by Dorothy Ai Aoki, a Nisei daughter to the Okines
Literatur-Rundschau
No full textLiteratur-RundschauManfred Bruhn/ Albrecht Grözinger (Hrsg.), Kirche und Marktorientierung (Steffen Hillebrecht) Manfred Dahlheimer, Carl Schmitt und der deutsche Katholizismus 1888-1936 (Hermann-Josef Große Kracht)Wilfried Mödinger, Kirchenmarketing (Steffen Hillebrecht) Reiner Preul/Reinhard Schmidt-Rost (Hrsg.), Kirche und Medien (Steffen Hillebrecht)Joe Reichertz, Die Frohe Botschaft des Fernsehens (Susanne Haverkamp) Michael Stamm, Das Gottesunternehmen: die katholische Kirche auf dem Religionsmarkt (Steffen Hillebrecht
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