197,087 research outputs found
A search for solar dark matter with the IceCube neutrino telescope
No full textDark matter particles in the form of supersymmetric Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) could accumulate in the centre of the Sun because of gravitational trapping. Pair-wise annihilations of WIMPs could create standard model particles out of which neutrinos could reach the Earth. Data from the IceCube 22-string neutrino telescope have been searched for signals from dark matter annihilations in the Sun. Highly sophisticated analysis methods have been developed to discern signal neutrinos from the severe background of atmospheric particle showers. No signal has been found in a dataset of 104 days livetime taken in 2007, and an upper limit has been placed on the muon flux in the South Pole ice induced by neutrinos from the Sun, reaching down to 330 km-2y-1. The flux limit has been converted into an upper limit on the neutralino scattering cross-section, which reaches down to 2.8*10-40 cm2 for spin-dependent interactions.Four articles are appended to the thesis:I. G. Wikström for the IceCube collaboration, Proc. of the 30th ICRC,arXiv/0711.0353 [astro-ph] (2007) 135.II. A. Gross, C. Ha, C. Rott, M. Tluczykont, E. Resconi, T. DeYoung and G. Wikström for the IceCube Collaboration, Proc. of the 30th ICRC,arXiv/0711.0353 [astro-ph] (2007) 11.III. G. Wikström and J. Edsjö, JCAP 04 (2009) 009.IV. R. Abbasi et al. (IceCube collaboration), accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett., arXiv/0902.2460v3 [astro-ph.CO] (2009).IceCub
On shoplifting and tax fraud: An action-theoretic analysis of crime
No full textThe article evaluates different theories of action in the area of crime research. A narrow version of rational choice theory assumes actors to choose in an instrumental, outcome-oriented way. It hypothesises that individuals weight the costs and benefits of criminal acts with subjective probabilities. In contrast, a wide version of the theory allows individuals to derive utility directly from choosing certain actions. Previous studies either do not directly test these theories or yield inconsistent results. We show that a meaningful test of these rival rational choice explanations can only be conducted if a broader view is adopted that takes into account the interplay of moral norms and instrumental incentives. Such a view can be derived from the Model of Frame Selection (Kroneberg 2005) and the Situational Action Theory of Crime Causation (Wikström 2004). Based on these theories, we analyze the willingness to engage in shoplifting and tax fraud in a sample of 2,130 adults from Dresden, Germany. In line with our theoretical expectations, we find that only respondents who do not feel bound by moral norms consider instrumental incentives. Where norms have been strongly internalised and in the absence of neutralisation techniques which legitimise norm-breaking, instrumental incentives are irrelevant.
Försök till en finsk grammatika: framställande en enda declination och en enda conjugation af M. W. Wikström
No full textNimiösivulla myös: jemte tvenne bihang.Imprimatur: I. M. af Tengström
Gender and ethnic interactions among teachers and students – evidence from Sweden
No full textThis study investigates the importance of gender and ethnic interactions among teachers and students for school performance in Swedish, English and Mathematics. School leaving certificates assigned by the teacher is compared with results on comprehensive national tests. The analysis is based on data on grade 9 students (age 16) from Sweden. I find that a student is likely to obtain better test scores in Mathematics, when the share of teachers of the same gender as the student increases. Correspondingly, ethnic minority students, on average, obtain better test scores in Mathematics, when the share of ethnic minority teachers increases. The positive same-gender effect on test scores is counteracted by a negative assessment effect. That is, conditional on test scores, same-gender teachers are less generous than opposite-gender teachers when assessing students’ performance. In Swedish and English no statistically significant effects are found.School achievements; student and teacher interactions; gender; race
Pleurota paragallicella Tabell & Wikström & Mutanen & Bruckner & Sihvonen 2021, sp. nov.
No full textPleurota paragallicella Tabell, sp. nov. Barcode Index Number: BOLD:AEC9409 Table 1, Figs. 29, 47, 65, 66 Type material. Holotype ♂ (GP 6024 J. Tabell, DNA sample 26351 Lepid Phyl): Marokko, H Atlas, obh. Ait Leqak 27.6.2017, 31°14’ 17–20’’N; 7°49’ 24–30’’W, Tizi-n-Addi, 2400 m, J. Ratzel, RB, AS, DF leg., ex coll. Ulr. Ratzel, Karlsruhe (coll. MZH), BOLD sample ID: MM26351, http://id.luomus.fi/GBT.7 Diagnosis. Externally P. paragallicella is somewhat similar to P. ericella (Duponchel, 1839) (Fig. 15), but the subcostal line is paler brown, the labial palp markedly longer, and the veins in hindwing well visible. In male genitalia, paragallicella is close to P. gallicella (Fig. 49) with some distinct differences. In paragallicella, the gnathos is longer, the posterior lobe shorter, and the valval lobe markedly smaller, subtriangular (in gallicella the valval lobe is ear-shaped). The female of paragallicella is unknown. Molecular data. The holotype of paragallicella was sequenced successfully, resulting in a 656 bp barcode sequence. The nearest neighbour to paragallicella is P. gallicella, with a 5.13 % divergence. Description. Adult. Wingspan 16.7 mm. Labial palpus long, 8.2 x diameter of eye (1 st and 2 nd palpomeres), 3 rd palpomere 0.23 x length of 1 st and 2 nd palpomeres, dirty white, scattered with brown and pale beige scales, below dark brown, mixed off-white. Antenna and scape brown. Head, thorax and tegula brown, mixed with fuscous and off-white scales. Forewing dirty white, scattered with pale fuscous and brown scales; costal line off-white, from base to 0.75; subcostal line greyish brown, expanded towards apex, brown, scattered with white and dark brown scales. Fringe greyish brown, apically lighter. Hindwing greyish brown, veins visible, fringe concolorous, apically white. Male genitalia. Uncus triangular from ventral view, slightly shorter than gnathos, lined with several long and short bristles, apex with stout protuberance. Gnathos funnel-shaped from ventral view, broad, smooth, distal half elongate and covered with scobination, apex stout. Valva oblique from ventral view; cucullus moderately narrow, ventral margin concave; sacculus covered by long bristles; valval lobe very small, subtriangular. Anterior extension of juxta narrow; posterior lobe not reaching the base of uncus. Phallus arched, slightly tapered towards apex, with a large plate-shaped cornutus and numerous robust spines grouped into two bundles of different size. Female genitalia. Female unknown. Biology. The biology is unknown. The specimen was collected at light on a rocky hillside. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the close affinity with gallicella. Distribution. Known only from the type locality in the High Atlas Mountains at an altitude of 2400 m. Note. Huemer & Luquet (1995) included five Pleurota specimens from Tinmel, Morocco into the paratype series of gallicella, but these specimens may belong to paragallicella (not examined by us). Tinmel is a village situated about 40 km southwest of Tizi n’Addi, the type locality of paragallicella.Published as part of Tabell, Jukka, Wikström, Bo, Mutanen, Marko, Bruckner, Harald & Sihvonen, Pasi, 2021, Subspecies of Pleurota bicostella (Clerck, 1759) revisited and descriptions of nine new species in the P. bicostella species group (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea Oecophoridae: Pleurotinae), pp. 451-486 in Zootaxa 4941 (4) on page 475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4941.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/459550
Water-gated mechanism of proton translocation by cytochrome c oxidase
No full textAbstractCytochrome c oxidase is essential for aerobic life as a membrane-bound energy transducer. O2 reduction at the haem a3–CuB centre consumes electrons transferred via haem a from cytochrome c outside the membrane. Protons are taken up from the inside, both to form water and to be pumped across the membrane (M.K.F. Wikström, Nature 266 (1977) 271 [1]; M. Wikström, K. Krab, M. Saraste, Cytochrome Oxidase, A Synthesis, Academic Press, London, 1981 [2]). The resulting electrochemical proton gradient drives ATP synthesis (P. Mitchell, Chemiosmotic Coupling in Oxidative and Photosynthetic Phosphorylation, Glynn Research, Bodmin, UK, 1966 [3]). Here we present a molecular mechanism for proton pumping coupled to oxygen reduction that is based on the unique properties of water in hydrophobic cavities. An array of water molecules conducts protons from a conserved glutamic acid, either to the Δ-propionate of haem a3 (pumping), or to haem a3–CuB (water formation). Switching between these pathways is controlled by the redox-state-dependent electric field between haem a and haem a3–CuB, which determines the water–dipole orientation, and therefore the proton transfer direction. Proton transfer via the propionate provides a gate to O2 reduction. This pumping mechanism explains the unique arrangement of the metal cofactors in the structure. It is consistent with the large body of biochemical data, and is shown to be plausible by molecular dynamics simulations
Pleurota agadirensis Tabell & Wikström & Mutanen & Bruckner & Sihvonen 2021, sp. nov.
No full textPleurota agadirensis Tabell, sp. nov. Barcode Index Number: BOLD:ACW1991 Table 1, Figs. 17–18, 40, 57, 65, 66 Type material. Holotype ♂ (GP 5314 J. Tabell, DNA sample 23691 Lepid. Phyl.): Morocco, Agadir 10 km N, 400 m, N30.501 W9.582, 26.IV.2013, J. Tabell leg. (coll. MZH), BOLD sample ID: MM23619, http://id.luomus. fi/GBT. 2 Paratype: 1 ♀ (GP 5761 J. Tabell, DNA sample 25775 Lepid Phyl), Morocco 1080 m, Prov. Azilal, Ait Bouzid, 31.72371°, -6.96669°, 30.IV.–7.V.2015, Jaakko Kullberg leg. (coll. MZH). Diagnosis. Externally P. agadirensis is similar to P. aprilella and P. phaeolepida, and positive identification requires examination of genitalia structures. In male genitalia, the shape of valva and cucullus, and the boot-shaped arrangement of cornuti distinguish agadirensis from the other species. Female genitalia are similar to those of aprilella, but the proximal margin of segment 8 is less convex, and the antrum is longer. Molecular diagnosis. Both type specimens of agadirensis were sequenced, resulting in 658 bp and 627 bp barcode sequences. The nearest neighbour to agadirensis is aprilella, with a 2.79 % divergence (Table 1). The barcodes of agadirensis exhibit 0.64 % intraspecific variation. Description. Adult. Wingspan male 12.9 mm, female 11.1 mm. Labial palpus 5.3 x as long as diameter of eye (1 st and 2 nd palpomeres), 3 rd palpomere 0.28 x length of 1 st and 2 nd palpomeres, dirty white mixed with few pale brown scales, ventrally brown. Antenna brown, scape brown, ventrally white. Head, thorax and tegula dirty white, mixed with pale brown. Forewing covered with fuscous, brown, white and grey scales, blackish brown discal spot distinct, elongated, plical streak distinct, fringe line formed of several brown scales; costal line off-white, narrow, from near base to 0.67; subcostal line moderately broad, brown, mixed with darker scales, widened from base to apex. Fringe off-white, mixed pale brown. Hindwing and fringe pale brown. Male genitalia. Uncus triangular from ventral view, slightly shorter than gnathos, lined with several long and short bristles, apex with short stout protuberance. Gnathos funnel-shaped from ventral view, broad, smooth, distal half elongate, evenly tapered towards stout apex. Valva conical, costa straight, slightly oblique. Sacculus moderately broad. Valval lobe small, outer margin rounded; posterior lobe reaching the base of uncus. Phallus slightly arched, well sclerotized, tapered towards apex, with a boot-shaped formation of tiny spines. Female genitalia. Papilla analis oval, covered with long bristles. Apophysis posterioris about 3 x as long as papilla analis and 1.6 x as long as apophysis anterioris, which is 1.3 x as long as segment 8. Segment 8 longitudinally rectangular, weakly sclerotized, distal half sparsely covered with short bristles, dorsolaterally reinforced by sclerotized band; proximal margin strongly sclerotized, broadly U-shaped, medially broader; ventral longitudinal sclerotization oval. Antrum tubular, as long as segment 8, densely surfaced by small nodules, anterior section with two crescent-shaped opposite patches. Ductus bursae narrower than antrum. Corpus bursae spherical, with one broad crescent-shaped signum bearing two strongly sclerotized thorn-like protuberances and two narrow posterior signa of equal size. Biology. The biology is unknown. The type material was collected at light. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to Agadir, Morocco, the type locality. Distribution. Known only from two localities in the High Atlas Mountains at an altitude of 400 m and 1080 m.Published as part of Tabell, Jukka, Wikström, Bo, Mutanen, Marko, Bruckner, Harald & Sihvonen, Pasi, 2021, Subspecies of Pleurota bicostella (Clerck, 1759) revisited and descriptions of nine new species in the P. bicostella species group (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea Oecophoridae: Pleurotinae), pp. 451-486 in Zootaxa 4941 (4) on pages 466-467, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4941.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/459550
European audio-visual production companies adapting to strategic challenges
No full textThe European audio-visual production industry is a dynamic sector challenged by fundamental changes in terms of technology, business models and regulation that require production companies to revise their business strategies. This chapter introduces two business model extensions that could address these challenges and then empirically analyses the models’ implementation by production companies in eight European countries. Neither the integration of advertiser funding in the production phase, nor the forward integration of online distribution is popular among the companies included in the study. Small companies are apparently reluctant to develop the new competences that are needed for the suggested business model extensions
Pleurota murina Tabell & Wikström & Mutanen & Bruckner & Sihvonen 2021, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Pleurota murina</i> Tabell, sp. nov. <p>Barcode Index Number: BOLD:ADA1306</p> <p>Table 1, Figs. 28, 46, 65, 66</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype ♂ (GP 5505 J. Tabell, DNA sample 24603 Lepid Phyl): Morocco, High Atlas, 9 km NW Ouirgane, N31°12’24’’ W8°4’33’’, 30.V.–3.VI. 2015, 970 m, C. Hviid, O. Karsholt & K. Larsen (coll. ZMUC), BOLD sample ID: MM24603. Paratypes: 1 ♂ (GP 5875 J. Tabell, DNA sample 24604 Lepid Phyl), Morocco, High Atlas, 6 km NW Ouirgane, N31°12’32’’ W8°4’48”, 30.V. 2015, 850 m, C. Hviid, O. Karsholt & K. Larsen; 1 ♂ (DNA sample 24605 Lepid Phyl), Morocco, High Atlas, 7 km S Ouirgane, N31°8’19’’ W8°5’51’’, 4.VI. 2015, 950 m, C. Hviid, O. Karsholt & K. Larsen (coll. TAB).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Externally <i>P. murina</i> is similar to <i>P. gallicella</i>, and positive identification requires examination of the genitalia. Compared to <i>gallicella</i>, the uncus and gnathos are longer in <i>murina</i>, and the phallus contains one wedge-shaped small cornutus and a large patch of tiny spines; in <i>gallicella</i>, the cornutus is longer, and the spines are strongly sclerotized, grouped into two narrow strips. The female of <i>murina</i> is unknown.</p> <p> <b>Molecular data.</b> All three type specimens of <i>murina</i> were sequenced successfully, resulting in 658 bp, fulllength barcode sequences. The nearest neighbour to <i>murina</i> is <i>P. lepigrei</i>, with a 8.08 % divergence (Table 1). The DNA barcodes of <i>murina</i> exhibit 0.62 % intraspecific variation.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Adult. Wingspan 17.9–18.2 mm. Labial palpus mixed with pale grey, pale brown and dark brown scales, darker below, long and narrow, 6.5 x as long as diameter of eye (1 st and 2 nd palpomeres), 3 rd palpomere very short, almost invisible. Head pale grey, thorax and tegula grey, suffused with pale brown. Antenna brown, smooth, antennomeres trapezoidal. Forewing covered with off-white, grey-tipped scales; costal and subcostal lines jointed, a narrow pale brown line medially from base to 0.5; median line off-white, indistinctly edged, from base to 0.6, reaching apex of wing as a hue of stripe, with two linear and one rounded blackish brown spots; dorsal half slightly paler basally; outer margin with a row of blackish brown spots. Fringe grey with a white line. Hindwing and fringe pale brownish grey. Abdomen slightly lustrous, greyish brown, each segment with a transverse row of ochre scales.</p> <p>Male genitalia. Uncus elongated, triangular from ventral view, as long as gnathos, basal half covered and lined with several long bristles, apex with long, parallel-sided, stout protuberance. Gnathos funnel-shaped from ventral view, moderately narrow, gradually tapered towards apex, distal third surfaced with scobination, apex moderately broad, stout. Valva subtriangular, surfaced dorsally with long bristles, apically with short bristles, ventral margin slightly convex, dorsal margin basally evenly slightly bulged. Sacculus surfaced with long bristles. Median plate of juxta swollen; posterior lobe robust, long, reaching uncus; valval lobe narrow, covered with short bristles, outer margin rounded. Phallus slightly arched, parallel-sided, with a plate-shaped cornutus and a large group of tiny spines.</p> <p>Female genitalia. Female unknown.</p> <p> <b>Biology.</b> The biology is unknown. The specimens were collected at light on open mountain slopes.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Lat. <i>murinus</i> = grey. The specific epithet refers to the colour of forewing.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Known from three neighboring localities in the High Atlas Mountains, at an altitude between 850 and 970 m.</p>Published as part of <i>Tabell, Jukka, Wikström, Bo, Mutanen, Marko, Bruckner, Harald & Sihvonen, Pasi, 2021, Subspecies of Pleurota bicostella (Clerck, 1759) revisited and descriptions of nine new species in the P. bicostella species group (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea Oecophoridae: Pleurotinae), pp. 451-486 in Zootaxa 4941 (4)</i> on pages 474-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4941.4.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4595501">http://zenodo.org/record/4595501</a>
Pleurota aprilella Tabell & Wikström & Mutanen & Bruckner & Sihvonen 2021, sp. nov.
No full textPleurota aprilella Tabell, sp. nov. Barcode Index Number: BOLD:ACW2251 Table 1, Figs. 19–20, 41, 58, 65, 66 Type material. Holotype ♀ (DNA sample 23740 Lepid. Phyl.): Morocco, Tiznit Prov., Anti-Atlas, Tafraout 19.5 km SW, 1010 m, N29.606 W9.132, 14.IV.2015, J. Tabell leg. (coll. MZH), BOLD sample ID: MM23740, http:// id.luomus.fi/GBT. 3 Paratypes: 2 ♂ (GP 5442 J. Tabell, DNA sample 23739 Lepid. Phyl.; DNA sample 23750 Lepid. Phyl.), 2 ♀ (GP 5499 J. Tabell, DNA sample 23741 Lepid. Phyl.) same collecting data as holotype (all in coll. TAB). Diagnosis. Externally P. aprilella is similar to P. agadirensis and P. phaeolepida, and reliable identification requires examination of genitalia structures. In male genitalia, the narrow apical half of gnathos, straight costa, angular valval lobe and concave ventral margin of valva are distinguishing characters. The female genitalia are similar to those of agadirensis, but the proximal margin of segment 8 is more convex in aprilella, and the antrum is shorter. Molecular data. Three specimens of aprilella were sequenced successfully, resulting in 658 bp, full-length barcode sequences. The nearest neighbour to aprilella is agadirensis with a 2.79 % divergence (Table 1). The barcodes of aprilella exhibit 0.15 % intraspecific variation. Description. Adult. Wingspan 11.5–12.1 mm. Labial palpus 4.6 x as long as diameter of eye (1 st and 2 nd palpomeres), 3 rd palpomere 0.24 x length of 1 st and 2 nd palpomeres, mixed with brown and white scales, below brown, basally mixed with white. Antenna pale brown, below dark brown, scape pale brown, below off-white. Head, thorax and tegula dirty white, mixed with pale brown. Forewing covered with fuscous and off-white scales, dark brown discal and discocellular spots small, plical streak weak, fringe line distinct; costal line white, narrow, from near base to 3/4; subcostal line moderately broad, brown. Fringe pale brown, basally off-white. Hindwing pale grey, fringe pale fuscous. In female discal and discocellular spots and plical streak more distinct, and medial area of forewing whiter. Male genitalia. Uncus triangular from ventral view, shorter than gnathos, lined with few long bristles, apex with long, narrow and stout protuberance. Gnathos funnel-shaped from ventral view, distal half elongate, narrow, covered with scobination, evenly tapered towards stout apex. Tegumen large, dorsal margin slightly concave. Ventral margin of valva concave, costa straight, horizontal. Sacculus weakly sclerotized. Juxta tuning-fork-shaped; valval lobe small, angular, covered with few bristles; posterior lobe reaching the base of uncus. Phallus arched, with a patch of numerous tiny spines. Female genitalia. Papilla analis oval, covered with long bristles. Apophysis posterioris 3 x as long as papilla analis and 1.75 x as long as apophysis anterioris, which is as long as segment 8. Segment 8 longitudinally rectangular, weakly sclerotized, distal half sparsely covered with short bristles, dorsolaterally reinforced by sclerotized band; proximal margin strongly sclerotized, deeply convex, medially broader, caudal margin slightly concave; ventral longitudinal sclerotization spherical. Antrum tubular, shorter than segment 8, densely surfaced by small nodules, anterior section with two crescent-shaped opposite patches. Ductus bursae narrower than antrum. Corpus bursae spherical, with one broad crescent-shaped signum bearing two strongly sclerotized thorn-like protuberances and two leaf-shaped posterior signa of equal size. Biology. The biology is unknown. The type material was collected at light. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the flight period in April. Distribution. Known only from one locality in the Anti-Atlas Mountains at an altitude of 1010 m.Published as part of Tabell, Jukka, Wikström, Bo, Mutanen, Marko, Bruckner, Harald & Sihvonen, Pasi, 2021, Subspecies of Pleurota bicostella (Clerck, 1759) revisited and descriptions of nine new species in the P. bicostella species group (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea Oecophoridae: Pleurotinae), pp. 451-486 in Zootaxa 4941 (4) on pages 467-469, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4941.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/459550
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