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The land consolidation court – a low-threshold procedure adapted to parties without legal representation
No full textMasteroppgave i areal og eiendom.
Fakultet for teknologi, miljø- og samfunnsvitskap/ Institutt for byggfag/ Høgskulen på Vestlandet,Temaet for oppgaven er jordski>ere4en sin rolle som lavterskelFlbud Fl selvprosederende parter. Jordski>ere4en har mål om å være et lavterskelFlbud uten at det er klart hva de4e innebærer. Forskningsspørsmålet som vi besvarer i denne oppgaven er: På hvilken måte har jordski3ere4en ivareta4 sin rolle som et lavterskel5lbud 5l selvprosederende parter?
Oppgaven forsker på hva lavterskelFlbudet i jordski>ere4en innebærer, hvor denne tanken kommer fra og hvordan de4e blir prakFsert. For å belyse forskningsspørsmålet er det
beny4et tre delproblemsFllinger: 1. Hvilke momenter kjennetegner jordski3ere4en som lavterskel5lbud og hvorfor er det
en målsetning at jordski3ere4en skal være et lavterskel5lbud?
2. Hvordan forbereder partene seg 5l sin sak i jordski3ere4en og hvor forståelig er jordski3eloven for partene?
3. I hvilken grad er dagens regler og praksis kny4et 5l sakskostnader og kostnader 5l juridisk bistand egnet 5l å ivareta jordski3ere4ens karakter av å være et
lavterskel5lbud?
Forskningen baserer seg i hovedsak på dokumentstudier og kvalitaFve forskningsintervju
med jordski>edommere, advokater og parter som har delta4 i sak for jordski>ere4en. For å
svare på forskningsspørsmålet bruker vi relevant teori og Fdligere forskning. Oppgavens teori
tar først for seg lavterskelbegrepets forankring i re4skildene, hvordan jordski>ere4en har vokst fram som en lavterskeldomstol og hvor målsetningen om å være lavterskel kommer fra. For å gi kontekst Fl leser sies det også noe generelt om jordski>ere4ens kompetanse og virksomhet. Dere4er gjennomgås mulige lavterskelmomenter ved jordski>ere4en. Funnene viser at det er flere momenter ved jordski>ere4en som kan betegnes som lavterskel. Muligheten Fl å være selvprosederende er særlig fremhevet her. Jordski>ere4en
har også en mer uformell karakter sammenlignet med de alminnelige domstolene. SamFdig gjør jordski>ere4ens spesialkompetanse dem ekstra godt egnet Fl å behandle eiendomstvister. Jordski>ere4ens veiledningsplikt og økt fokus på mekling, er e4er våre funn
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noe som styrker lavterskelFlbudet. Ønsket om å være et lavterskelFlbud er tradisjonsbasert
og anse4 som vikFg for jordski>edommerne i vårt utvalg.
Partene se4er seg lite inn i jordski>eloven, men de forbereder seg Fl sak på andre måter. Jordski>eloven fra 2013 er mer Flgjengelig enn loven fra 1979. Grunnen Fl at den er mer Flgjengelig, er i hovedsak at strukturen er forbedret som gjør det enklere for partene å
navigere i loven. Det er fremdeles noen Fng som er uklart. Informantene peker på at reglene om sakskostnader og avgjørelsesformer er uNordrende. Det blir også e4erlyst flere definisjoner av begreper. Jordski>eloven er likevel en lov og ikke en veileder. Loven må være anvendelig for dommere og advokater. Det vil derfor være mer hensiktsmessig å lage bedre veiledningsmateriell enn å endre loven.
Det at man i utgangspunktet er ansvarlig for egne kostnader Fl juridisk bistand harmoniserer med at jordski>ere4en skal være et lavterskelFlbud. Dersom det er en tvistebehandling, gjelder likevel reglene om kostnadsfordeling e4er tvistelovens bestemmelser. Man kan da bli ansvarlig for motpartens advokatkostnader. Det var ikke alle partene som var klar over denne risikoen før sent i saken. De4e ble kny4et Fl en generell prosessrisiko. Utvalget vårt hadde en
utvidet tolkning av prosessrisiko. Informantene trakk fram forslag Fl avgjørelse og inkludering av flere momenter før saken avgrenses, som faktorer kny4et Fl prosessrisiko. Siden disse er spesielle for jordski>ere4en, omtales disse momentene som spesiell prosessrisiko i
oppgaven. Det er også problemaFsk for jordski>ere4en at det er økende advokatbruk. De4e kan medføre store kostnader for partene. Man beveger seg da lenger bort i fra å være et
lavterskelFlbud.
Samlet seSamlet se4 kan man fremdeles betegne jordski>ere4en som et lavterskelFlbud. Likevel nærmer jordski>ere4en seg de alminnelige domstolene. De4e viser seg ved Flnærmet lik behandling ved tvist, dommernes rolle og økt advokatbruk. Det må likevel understrekes at
lavterskel bare er et Flbud. Det som gjør jordski>ere4en Fl et lavterskelFlbud, er partene si4
reelle valg. De reelle valgene Fl partene kny4er seg Fl valget om å beny4e advokat, om de
velger å lese loven og om de er villig Fl å mekle. Valgene vil være utslagsgivende for hvor lavterskel saken blir.The theme for the thesis is the land consolidaFon courts as a low-threshold procedure
adapted to parFes without legal representaFon. The land consolidaFon court has a clear goal of being more accessible for parFes without legal representaFon and being a low-threshold procedure. However, it is not clear what this entails. The research quesFon we will answer in this thesis is: In what way has the land consolida5on court fulfilled its role as a low-threshold procedure for par5es without legal representa5on?
This thesis research what a low-threshold procedure entails, where this idea comes from, and how it is pracFsed. To address the main research quesFon, we will uFlize three subquesFons:
1. Which elements characterize the land consolida5on court as a low-threshold procedure, and why is it a goal for the land consolida5on court to be one?
2. How does the par5es prepare for their case in the land concilia5on court, and how understandable is the land consolida5on law for the par5es?
3. In what way are the current rules and prac5ses related to li5ga5on expenses and
legal representa5on expenses suitable for maintaining the role as a low-threshold procedure?
The research is primarily based on document studies and qualitaFve research interviews with land consolidaFon judges, lawyers, and parFes who have been involved in a land consolidaFon case. We also use relevant theories and aspects of previous research to answer the research quesFons. The thesis explores the origin of a low-threshold procedure in legal sources and its historic background. To give the reader a conceptual frame, the thesis also includes a more general descripFon of the land consolidaFon courts workings, as well as potenFal low-threshold elements within the land consolidaFon court. The findings reveal that there are mulFple factors within the land consolidaFon court that
can be classified as a low-threshold procedure. The opportunity to not have legal representaFon was parFcularly highlighted. The land consolidaFon court also have a more informal character in comparison to the general courts. The specialized experFse of the land consolidaFon court makes them parFcularly suited to process cases concerning property disputes. Our findings suggest that the land consolidaFon court’s obligaFon to provide guidance and increased emphasis on mediaFon, serve to strengthen them as a low-threshold procedure. The desire to be considered a low-threshold procedure is based on tradiFon and is considered of high importance to the land consolidaFon judges in our study.
Our findings indicate that the parFes, to a limited extent, familiarize themselves with the land consolidaFon law. However, they prepare for their case in other ways. The land consolidaFon law from 2013 is more accessible than the law from 1979. There are sFll some parts which is unclear. The informants point out that the rules concerning legal costs, and the different forms of decisions are not clear. It is also called for more definiFons in the law itself. Nevertheless, it is supposed to be a law and not a guide. The law must be applicable for
judges and lawyers. It would therefore be more prudent to create more and be4er guidance material, rather than changing the law. The fact that one is iniFally responsible for one’s own legal costs is in harmony with the goal of being a low-threshold procedure. However, if there is a dispute the costs are distributed as stated in the ordinary dispute law. If you lose the dispute, you are responsible for the other parFes’ legal costs. Not all parFes were aware of this risk unFl further along in the case. This
is linked to a general procedural risk. Our parFes had a different interpretaFon of the procedural risk. The informants highlighted the decision proposals and including new elements before the case is delimited, as factors related to procedural risk. Since these are special for the land consolidaFon court, these aspects are referred to as special procedural risk in the thesis. At the same Fme, it is problemaFc for the land consolidaFon court that the use of lawyers is increasing. It can entail high costs for the parFes. It moves the land consolidaFon court further away from being a low-threshold procedure. Overall, the land consolidaFon court can sFll be described as a low-threshold procedure.
However, it is increasingly approaching the general courts. This is present in the almost equal processing of disputes and the increased use of lawyers. Nevertheless, it is only an offer. The
actual choice makes the land consolidaFon court a low-threshold procedure. The actual choice refers to the parFes choice to use a lawyer, whether they choose to read the law and if they are willing to mediate. The choices determine if the process will be low-threshold.MOA30
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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