130,963 research outputs found
Commercial Forestry: An Economic Development Opportunity Consistent with the Property Rights of Wik People to Natural Resources
No full textWik people on Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, aspire to economic independence. Commercial processing of native forest timbers is seen by Wik people as a culturally appropriate engine for economic development; however, much uncertainty surrounds their property rights to native forest timber. The granting of native title over some traditional Wik land in 2000 and 2004 was seen as a coup by Wik people, but some economists have argued that the inalienable and communal nature of native title is an obstacle to development in indigenous communities. An assessment of Wik property rights to timber resources reveals that a commercial forestry industry is consistent with their rights. In comparison with social and cultural factors, the inalienable and communal characteristics of native title are second-order development constraints for Wik people.native title, native forest management, Aurukun community, Cape York Peninsula.
Attenuating indigenous property rights: land policy after the Wik decision
No full textIn December 1996, the High Court of Australia handed down its judgment in the Wik case finding, by a 4:3 majority, that pastoral leases did not necessarily extinguish native title. An intense political campaign by both pastoral and indigenous interests, and their political representatives, was aimed, in the case of the former, at legislative extinguishment of native title on pastoral leases and, in the case of the latter, at defending property rights which the High Court found had never been extinguished. In this article it argued that an efficient re-allocation of property rights is unlikely to result from extinguishment, but requires Coasian-type bargains between pastoral and indigenous interests.Land Economics/Use,
Quantitative Prognosemodelle zur Nachfrage von Briefdienstleistungen: Deutlicher Briefmengenrückgang bis 2035 im WIK-Prognosemodell
No full textDas Ziel des vorliegenden Diskussionsbeitrags ist es, quantitative Einschätzungen zur zukünftigen Briefmenge bis zum Jahr 2035 zu entwickeln. Die Briefmengenprognose soll dazu dienen, die Auswirkungen auf die zukünftige Erbringung des Universaldienstes und mögliche Anpassungen der Universaldienstanforderungen zu diskutieren. Methodisch wurde dazu eine Auswertung bestehender Prognosestudien und der akademischen Literatur durchgeführt. Basierend auf den Auswertungen der Literatur wurde ein parametrisches, Excel-basiertes Prognosemodell für den deutschen Briefmarkt entwickelt, das als Einflüsse konjunkturelle Einflüsse, Preiseffekte sowie digitale Substitution berücksichtigt. Die Modellannahmen wurden mithilfe von Gesprächen mit Marktteilnehmern und der Bundesnetzagentur verifiziert. Das Modell berechnet die zukünftige Briefmenge bis zum Jahr 2035 ausgehend von der Menge eines Basisjahres und den gewählten Parametern für die Veränderung und die Stärke der Einflussfaktoren. Es entwickelt zwei mögliche Zukunftspfade als Ober- und Untergrenze der zukünftigen Briefmengenentwicklung auf Basis zweier Szenarien. Im Ergebnis können im "schnellen" Szenario die Briefmengen um ca. 70% im Jahr 2035 im Vergleich zu 2023 sinken, im "langsamen" Szenario um ca. 53%. Die Verteilung der prognostizierten Mengen auf die Bundesländer verdeutlicht die ungleiche Verteilung der Briefmengen in der Fläche sowie eine starke Spreizung der pro Quadratkilometer zugestellten wöchentlichen Briefmenge zwischen den Stadt- und Flächenstaaten. Wir erwarten je nach Szenario für das Jahr 2030, dass auf einer Fläche von 88% bis 91% des Bundesgebiets (sowohl ländliche als auch teilweise städtische Räume) weniger Briefe pro Quadratkilometer als im Bundesdurchschnitt des Jahres 2023 zugestellt werden. Sofern die zukünftigen Universaldienstanforderungen die aktuellen gesetzlichen Laufzeitvorgaben von E+3/E+4 konstant halten sollen, müsste die wöchentliche Zustellhäufigkeit im Jahr 2030 für konstante Durchschnittskosten pro Sendung auf 3,3 Tage (langsames Szenario) bzw. 2,6 Tage (schnelles Szenario) sinken - unter der Annahme, dass es keine Verbundzustellung gibt, und nur inländische Briefe zugestellt werden. Unter diesen vereinfachten Annahmen müsste im Jahr 2035 die wöchentliche Zustellhäufigkeit für konstante Durchschnittskosten pro Stück weiter sinken (auf 2,3 bzw. 1,5 Tage). Dann wären die gesetzlich vorgegebenen Laufzeitzielen E+3/E+4 nicht realisierbar. Um die Laufzeiten dennoch konstant halten zu können, müssten in dem Fall die Briefpreise real steigen. In der Praxis stellt die Deutsche Post inländische Briefe mit Paketen, Warensendungen und internationalen Briefen im Verbund zu. Dadurch sowie durch die Einführung der A/B-Zustellung kann es der Deutschen Post gelingen, den Anstieg der durchschnittlichen Stückkosten zu verringern. Aus unternehmerischer Perspektive würde sich folglich auch der Druck reduzieren, die Laufzeitvorgaben anzupassen.The aim of this discussion paper is to develop quantitative estimates of future letter volumes up to 2035. The letter volume forecast will serve to discuss the impact on the future provision of universal service and possible adjustments to universal service requirements. Methodologically, a comprehensive desk research of existing forecast studies and academic literature was carried out. Based on the evaluation of the literature, a parametric, Excel-based forecast model for the German letter market was developed, which takes into account economic developments, price effects and digital substitution. The model assumptions were verified through discussions with stakeholders. The model calculates future letter volumes up to 2035 based on the volume of a base year and the parameters for change and their elasticities. It develops two possible future paths as upper and lower limits for future letter volume development based on two scenarios. As a result, in the 'fast' scenario, letter volumes could fall by approximately 70% in 2035 compared to 2023, and in the 'slow' scenario by approximately 53%. The distribution of the forecast volumes across the German Federal states highlights the uneven distribution of letter volumes across the country and a wide variation in the weekly letter volume delivered per square kilometre between urban and rural areas. Depending on the scenario for 2030, we expect that in 88% to 91% of the Federal Territory (including rural and partly urban areas), the number of letters delivered per square kilometre will be lower than the Federal average in 2023. If future universal service requirements are to maintain the current transit time objectives of D+3/D+4, the weekly delivery frequency in 2030 would have to decrease to 3.3 days (slow scenario) or 2.6 days (fast scenario) in 2030 for constant average costs per item - assuming that there is no joint delivery and only domestic letters are delivered. Under these simplified assumptions, the weekly delivery frequency would have to decrease further in 2035 (to 2.3 and 1.5 days, respectively) to maintain constant average costs per item. In that case, the transit time objectives of D+3/D+4 would no longer be feasible. In order to maintain constant transit times, letter prices would have to increase in real terms. In practice, Deutsche Post delivers domestic letters jointly with parcels, goods shipments and international letters. This, together with the introduction of A/B delivery, enables Deutsche Post to limit the increase in average unit costs. From a business perspective, this would also reduce the pressure to adjust transit time targets
Optimal Timber Utilisation Strategies for Wik People on Cape York Peninsula
No full textA forestry industry based on the native Darwin stringybark forests of Cape York Peninsula has been identified as a potential generator of employment and income for Wik people. Information appropriate for examining potential Wik timber utilisation strategies is scarce, necessitating primary data collection activities in north Queensland. A mixed-integer, single-period goal program is developed to produce a suite of ‘optimal’ timber utilisation strategies from the perspective of Wik people. Optimal forestry strategies predicted by the goal programming model are financially viable and suggest, in general, that relatively low-technology forestry activities are likely to best satisfy Wik forestry objectives
MeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Aus 2-D wird 3-D: Ist die Technik schon reif?
No full textS.82-83Im Winter 2007 hatte das BKA im Projekt "Gesichtserkennung als Fahndungshilfsmittel" unterschiedliche 2-D-Videoüberwachungssysteme vier Monate lang am Hauptbahnhof Mainz im praktischen Einsatz getestet. Dabei gewonnene Erkenntnisse werden genutzt, über 3-D-Technologie bessere Ergebnisse zu erzielen. Für die Zutrittskontrolle erscheinen sie absehbar.Nr.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
The Radio Halo in PLCKESZ G171.94–40.65: Beacon of Merging Activity
No full textWe present the first multifrequency analysis of the candidate ultrasteep spectrum radio halo in the galaxy cluster PLCKESZ G171.94−40.65, using the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio telescope (400 MHz), and Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (1–2 GHz) observations. Our radio data have been complemented with archival Chandra X-ray observations to provide a crucial insight into the complex intracluster medium physics, happening at large scales. We detect the radio halo emission to the extent of ∼1.5 Mpc at 400 MHz, significantly larger than previously reported, along with five tailed galaxies in the central region. We also report the discovery of an unknown diffuse source “U,” at the cluster periphery, with an extent of 300 kpc. Using the available observations, we have found that the radio spectrum of the halo is well-fitted with a single power law, having a spectral index of −1.36 ± 0.05, indicating that it is not an ultrasteep spectrum radio halo. Our low-resolution (25″) resolved spectral map shows an overall uniform spectral index, with some patches of fluctuations. The X-ray and radio surface brightness are morphologically cospatial, with a slight extension along the northwest–southeast direction, seen in both maps. The radio and X-ray surface brightness indicates strong positive correlations, with sublinear correlation slopes (∼0.71). Multiple tailed galaxies and the radio halo indicate a high dynamical activity at the cluster central region
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