32,058 research outputs found
Rhinophis erangaviraji Wickramasinghe, Vidanapathirana, Wickramasinghe & Ranwella, 2009, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Rhinophis erangaviraji</i> sp. nov. <p>Figs. 3–12.</p> <p> <b>Holotype:</b> NMSL 20080601, adult male 214 mm SVL, Enselwatte Estate, Sinharaja Division (Army Camp Forest), Rakwana hills, Matara District, Southern Province (N 06º 23', E 080º 36'), 1042 m. Coll. Dulan Vidanapathirana, Nayanaka Ranwella and L. J. M. Wickramasinghe. 5 December, 2007.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes:</b> NMSL 20080602, adult female 291 mm SVL; NMSL 20080603, adult male 204 mm SVL; NMSL 20080604, adult female 241 mm SV; NMSL 20080605, small male 103 mm SVL. Collection data as for holotype.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis:</b> The new species is distinguished morphologically from the congener it resembles most closely, <i>R. blythii</i>, by the following characters: 146–157 (vs 159–165) paravertebral scales; 142–154 (vs 155–162) ventral scales (Table 2); dorsal and lateral surface of head black (vs dark brown with dorsal yellow ‘V’, Fig 5 & 6); ventrally black zigzag pattern on yellow background (vs each ventral scale anterior blackish brown and posterior light brown, with brownish tint throughout ventrally, Fig 7); no ring-like pattern at the base of the tail (vs yellow ring at base of tail, Fig 8, 9); caudal shield with one axis of symmetry, narrower anteriorly (vs shield oval, with two axes of symmetry, Fig 10); anal region and under side of tail black (vs anal region whitish brown, underside of tail dark brown, Fig 11).</p> <p> <i>Rhinophis erangaviraji</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> differs from, <i>R. dorsimaculatus</i>, <i>R. oxyrhynchus</i>, <i>R. porrectus</i> and, <i>R. punctatus</i> by having a smooth rostral (vs strongly ridged above); 142–154 ventrals (vs 238, 211–227, 281, and 236–246 ventrals, respectively); total length 300 mm (vs 350 mm, 573 mm, 350 mm, and 390 mm, respectively); moderate sized tail shield (vs large shield). Differs from <i>R. oxyrhynchus, R. porrectus,</i> and <i>R. punctatus</i> by having a shorter rostral, about one third (vs about one half) length of the dorsal head shield scales. Differs from <i>R. homolepis</i> and <i>R. tricoloratus</i> by smooth rostral (vs slightly ridged above); fewer ventrals (vs 180–204 and 163–175, respectively); moderate sized tail shield (vs large shield). Differs from <i>R. drummondhayi</i> by fewer ventrals (vs 173–191); moderate sized shield (vs small shield). Differs from <i>R. philippinus</i> by having generally fewer ventrals (vs 153–182 ventrals); moderate sized tail shield (vs large shield); and yellow markings (vs no yellow).</p> <p> The three Indian species of <i>Rhinophis</i> differ from the new species as follows: <i>R. fergusonianus</i> has more ventrals (180), <i>R. sanguineus</i> has more ventrals (182–218) and 15 costal scale rows at midbody, and <i>R. travancoricus</i> has fewer ventrals (132–146) and lacks yellow markings on the body (confined to tail). As far as is known, no species of uropeltid snake occur in both India and Sri Lanka (Cadle <i>et al</i>., 1990; McDiarmid <i>et al</i>., 1999; Bossuyt <i>et al</i>., 2004).</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype</b>: Robust snake; snout-vent length (SVL) 214 mm; body elongate (SVL/BW ratio 21.70); head narrow; snout pointed; nostril small, smaller than the eye, situated at the anterior of nasal scale; eye small, diameter about one third of ocular shield; neck not obvious; tail short (SVL/TL 22.43). Rostral unkeeled, slightly compressed, shorter than frontal and parietal (FL/RL 1.19, PL2/RL 1.26), longer than nasals, prefrontals, and ocular (RL/NL 1.46, RL/ PFL 1.80, RL/AOW 1.14), about one third length of head (HL/RL 3.18); nasals completely separated by rostral, larger than prefrontal, smaller than ocular, frontal and parietal (NL/PFL 1.23, AOW/NL 1.27, FL/NL 1.74, PL1/NL 1.53, PL2/NL 1.84), anterior, lower, posterior, and upper edges touching rostral, 1st and 2nd supralabial, and prefrontal respectively; prefrontals contact frontal, ocular, 2nd and 3rd supralabials; frontal long (FL/FW2 1.37), touching parietals and oculars; ocular as long as wide, longer than prefrontal (AOW/PFL 1.57), shorter than parietal lengths 1 and 2 (AOW/PL1 1.35, AOW/PL2 0.69); ocular contacts parietal, 3rd and 4th supralabials; parietal similar in length to frontal (FL/PL2 0.95), contacting 4th supralabial and interparietal; interparietal slightly longer than wide, similar in length to nasal (NL/IPL 0.95); four supralabials, in size order 1st<2nd<3rd<4th, 4th four times as long as 1st; mental triangular, no mental grove, width greater than length, smaller than infralabials, touching 1st infralabial and postmental; postmental single, 1st pair of infralabial separated by postmental; three infralabials, second largest, third smallest; costals smooth, costal row counts 19, 17, 17; 155 paravertebral scales; 151 ventrals, each approximately twice as wide as long; preanal wider than length, equal in size to ventrals (PRW/WVA20 0.98); anal divided/paired, larger than preanal (AW/PRW 1.88); nine subcaudals, all entire; caudal shield suboval, with one axis of symmetry, anterior narrower than posterior, conical and blunt tip, ten scales around shield. (Tables 1, 2).</p> <p> <i>Rhinophis erangaviraji Rhinophis blythii</i></p> <p>Holotype Paratype Paratype Paratype</p> <p> 20080601 20080602 20080603 20080604 20081501 20081502 20081503 20081504 PARA 154 156 146 155 158 163 160 165 SASH 10 13 12 12 11 10 9 12 SUBC 9 6 8 5 5 5 4 6 VEN 149 152 140 151 153 162 157 156 <b>Colour in life:</b> Head black with yellow irregular spots. Lower margin of supralabials bright yellow. Eye black, rounded pupil not prominent. Dorsal body black, lower margins of costal scales with small irregular yellow spots. Lateral surface of body with canary yellow, scalloped stripe from gape to just behind anterior of tail shield. Scalloped nature prominent in first third of stripe, and close to vent, stripe less prominent on middle of body, ends in straight line on tail. Scalloping of lateral stripe extends onto ventral surface of body. Tail pitch except laterally. Shield black, with very small spines trapping small grains of sand and mud giving it a brownish tint.</p> <p> <b>Colour in alcohol:</b> Colour pattern remains unchanged. Pupil changes to yellowish white. Black on dorsum changes to dark brown, bright yellow to off white.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes and variations:</b> Subcaudals divided in all paratypes. However, about 75% of nearly 40 other (living and dead) specimens examined had entire subcaudals. A summary of the morphological and morphometric data of the paratypes is given in Table 1. Small <i>R. erangaviraji</i> have been found readily during October to January. The colour pattern of these younger animals is as in adults, with overall paler colours but a much darker head (Fig 12). Paratype NMSL20080604 has seven maxillary and seven mandibular teeth on each side.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> Named for the late Mr. Eranga Viraj Dayarathne, an Instructor of the Reptiles group of the Young Zoologists’ Association of Sri Lanka, Department of National Zoological Gardens. A man who showed love and kindness to nature, and quiet yet effective service to Sri Lankan reptiles and their conservation. Suggested vernacular names: <i>Eranga Virajge thudulla, Eranga Virajvin nilakael pambu, Eranga Viraj’s shieldtail snake</i> (or <i>Eranga Viraj's</i> Rhinophis) in Sinhala, Tamil, and English respectively.</p> <p> <b>Comparison:</b> Apart from the listed diagnostic characters, <i>R. erangaviraji</i> can be distinguished further from all other Sri Lankan congeners in details of its colour pattern. <i>Rhinophis dorsimaculatus</i> has a broad orange, middorsal vertebral stripe (vs black dorsal body colour); <i>R. drummondhayi</i> has a dappled brown and white or pale yellow venter (vs black with yellow), a whitish (vs black) anal region and a yellow-white ring at the base of the tail (vs absent); <i>R. homolepis</i> has a white/yellow collar behind the head (vs dorsal surface of neck black), white/yellow triangular (apex pointed upwards) markings along body (vs scalloped yellow stripe), yellow anal (vs black), and pale yellow ring at base of tail (vs absent); <i>R. oxyrhynchus</i> has a uniformly brown dorsal colour (vs black), pale brown to yellow or whitish venter (vs black with yellow), and yellow anal (vs black); <i>R. philippinus</i> has a purplish-black dorsum (vs black) and lateral and ventral surface of body (vs black with yellow markings); <i>R. porrectus</i> and <i>R. punctatus</i> have a whitish venter (vs black), and a narrow dark dorsal stripe (vs no stripe); <i>R. tricoloratus</i> has a yellow to yellow-brown venter (vs black with yellow markings), gray to brown dorsum (vs black), yellow to whitish yellow anal (vs black), and a yellowish ring at base of tail (vs absent).</p> <p> <b>Habitat, Ecology and Conservation:</b> <i>Rhinophis erangaviraji</i> and <i>R. blythii</i> are allopatric, with the former known only from the Rakwana massif and the latter from the Central Hills, of Sri Lanka. <i>Rhinophis erangaviraji</i> can be found without difficulty in loose soil in shady areas, up to 1 m deep, under leaf litter in drainage ditches in tea estates, home gardens, and grasslands, but is also relatively commonly seen within the natural forest habitat of Rakwana. At night these snakes can be seen in the leaf litter. Probable conservation threats to this species are habitat loss, and deterioration caused by agriculture (especially tea), including the use of agrochemicals. Forest fires started by humans during the dry season are another threat, as indicated by many dead specimens being found after these fires. Road kills have also been observed.</p>Published as part of <i>Mendis Wickramasinghe, L. J., Vidanapathirana, Dulan Ranga, Wickramasinghe, Nethu & Ranwella, P. Nayanaka, 2009, A new species of Rhinophis Hemprich, 1820 (Reptilia: Serpentes: Uropeltidae) from Rakwana massif, Sri Lanka, pp. 1-22 in Zootaxa 2044</i> on pages 6-15, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/186405">10.5281/zenodo.186405</a>
author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 – Supplemental material for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct
No full textSupplemental material, author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct by George Wood, Daria Roithmayr and Andrew V. Papachristos in Socius</p
Cnemaspis samanalensis Mendis Wickramasinghe & Munindradasa 2007, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Cnemaspis samanalensis</i> sp. nov. <p> <b>Holotype</b>. NMSL 20061501, Adult male, 36.91 mm SVL, from Samanala upper region, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka, (N 06º 45’ 47.1” E 080º 29’ 30.1”, elevation 1430m), 11.02.2005, collected by L. J. Mendis Wickramasinghe, Mahesh Chathuranga, D A I Munindradasa.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b>, NMSL 20061502, Adult male, 32.48 mm SVL; NMSL 20061503, Adult male, 34.37 mm; NMSL 20061504, Adult female 36.53 mm SVL; NMSL 20061505, Adult female 36.18 mm SVL, the same date, locality and collectors.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> A medium-sized <i>Cnemaspis</i> (snout to vent length 32–37 mm in an adult males), which can be distinguished from all known congeners by the following combination of characters: postmentals separated by a small scale; nostrils are not in contact with first supralabial; 6–7 supra labials to angle of mid-orbit position and end of jaw at nine supra labials; 32 interorbitals; 3–4 prominent conical tubercles behind ear; throat scales keels; dorsal tubercles 62–64; dorsal tubercles small, rounded, pentagonal or hexagonal; intermixed with small groups of large tubercles (4–6 in a cluster) at the mid region of the body; lower part of flank with spinelike tubercles; upper part of flank with subconical-trihedral scales; gular scales keels; midventrals 32; ventral keels and imbricate; mid subcaudals small; 3–4 preanal pores; 3–4 femoral pores on each side; 11–12 subdigital lamellae and 4–5 basal lamellae in the 4 th finger; 12–13 subdigital lamellae and 7 basal lamellae in the 4 th toe.</p> <p> <b>Description of Holotype.</b> Adult male (figs. 6, 15A, 19A, 23A, 27A and 31A) snout to vent length 36.91 mm, head depressed and narrow (HD / HL 0.37), head elongated and large (HLJ / SVL 0.27), distinct from the neck. Snout long (SE / HW 0.73), longer than the eye width (EW / SE 0.39). Eye relatively large (EW / HLJ 0.18). Ear opening small (EL / HLJ 0.03), inter ear distance is greater than the width of the eye (EE / EW 3.27).</p> <p>Rostral is large with a groove penetrating 3/4 of the scale. There are three internasals, with the mid scale being large in size to the nostril, and the other two are larger. The supranasal and postnasal consist of one smooth circular scale each and are bigger than the nostril, but smaller than internasal and larger than the mid one. The head is covered with elongated, round, pentagonal or hexagonal shaped tubercle scales from snout to posterior margin of interorbital area and with small granulated scales up to the neck. The size of tubercle scales becomes progressively smaller from the snout to interorbital area. Similar sized scales are located in the upper and lower interorbital areas and, in the parietal area. There are 32 interorbital scales of which mid scales are shorter and smaller than that of outer. The supraciliaries are extremely larger than upper interorbital scales. The nostril is oval, and is not connected with the supralabials. The nostril and the first supralabial are separated by a postnasal. The loreal region is convex and is covered with 15 large, circular or elongated, smooth tubercle scales. There are nine supralabials at the base of the jaw, with six at the mid orbit point. The first, second, third and forth supralabials are usually equal. The rest becomes progressively small. The dorsal tubercles are smaller than the upper interorbitals and are rounded, pentagonal or hexagonal in shape, and are different in size. There are 64 dorsal tubercles, intermixed with small groups (4–6 in a cluster) of large, slightly carinated tubercles at the mid region of the body. The spine-like tubercles present on the lower part of flank are well prominent and larger than dorsal body scales and the subconical-trihedral scales present on the upper part of flank are slightly smaller than the above. The dorsal part of forelimb and hind limb is covered with flushed, comparatively large scales with a keel. The dorsal tail is covered with larger intermixed carinated and conical tubercles. The dorsal tail possesses a diminished grove. Two spine-like tubercles are present at the base of the tail. The mental scale is large and sub-triangular. A pair of pentagonal or hexagonal postmentals (smaller than the mental) is present on either side. The first postmental pair is separated by a small scale, and is connected with the first infralabial. The second postmental pair is smaller, and is connected with the first and second infralabials. There are eight infralabials towards the jaw end, with six of them towards the mid orbit point. The infralabials become progressively smaller in size towards the anterior end. The ear holes are oval shaped, bigger than nostrils, but smaller than eyes. Prominent 3–4 conical tubercles are present behind the ear. There are 20 scales between the eye and ear. The scales in the throat are having keels, rounded, pentagonal or hexagonal in shape, the anterior scales being larger than the posterior scales. The gular scales are having keels. The mid ventral area consists of 32 scales with keels, which are smaller than the postmentals. The scales in ventral portion of fore and hind limbs are having keels, with the scales in the hind limb being relatively larger than those of the forelimb. There are three femoral pores and three preanal pores present. The preanal are slightly larger than anal scales. There are 77 subcaudals. The mid subcaudals are equal in size with other scales in the tail. The mid subcaudals are elongated-overlapping-diamond in shape. The keels are present in subcaudals. The digits are slender, elongated and clawed. The distal sub-digital formulae include 4>3>5>2>1 (fingers) and 4>3>5>2>1 (toes) (Fig.27.A.).</p> <p> <b>Colour in life.</b> The body colour in the dorsal side is blackish brown. There is a yellow transverse band of which the anterior margin is black, on either upper interorbital area. A dark ‘W’ shaped marking with yellow bands on either arm is present in the anterior parietal area. A faded black ‘V’ shaped marking is present, originating from two angles of the ‘W’. A dark ‘W’ with a yellow patch penetrating in the middle, is present on the anterior neck. The supraciliaries are brown with yellow spots. The eye pupil is circular and black with the surrounding being yellow. The lateral view of the head and neck consists of three faded black line segments (one from nasal to mid eye in loreal region, the other along lower parietal and the third from back of eye to neck on temporal region) in a brown background with white spots in supralabial, lower jaw and lower neck areas. The ventral view of the throat is light grey with irregular yellow markings in ventral jaw. There are two segmented stripe on upper arm and three on lower arm of light brown in colour, in a brown background. The yellow stripe formula of 2,2,4,4 and 2 is present on fingers in a dark brown background. The ventral view of lower and upper arm is grey. The mid dorsal area of the body is dark brown, with an inverted heart-shaped and three hat-shaped white markings having a yellow tip each, between fore and hind limbs. There is a diminished dumbbell of white between fore limbs while diminished black ‘W’ between hind limbs with a white boarder. The white and yellow spots are present in the flank in mid lateral view. The mid ventral view is grey in colour. There are two segmented stripes on each femur and three on tibia of yellow in colour, in a dark brown background. The yellow stripe formula of 2,3,4,5 and 4 is present on toes in a dark brown background. The ventral femur and tibia is grey in colour with light brown scale boundaries. The original part of the tail is dark brown, with 11 transverse marks of white, of which the mark at the base is hat shaped with a yellow tip. The ventral tail is grey.</p> <p> <b>Colour in alcohol.</b> All dark brown in life is turned in to light brown, diminished black has become prominent and yellow has turned in to white while the rest is conserved.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The species epithet <i>samanalensis</i> is derived from the Latin for “Samanala region” referring to the forest where the species nov. is discovered. The vernacular names assigned for the species nov. are <i>Samanala kandu diva huna, Sivanolipathamalai pahal palli</i> and <i>Samanala day gecko</i> in native languages Sinhala, Tamil and in English respectively.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>C. samanalensis</i> sp. nov. is congener with <i>C. tropidogaster</i> from morphological characters. However, <i>C. samanalensis</i> can easily be distinguished from <i>C. tropidogaster</i> by the SVL, presence of prominent conical tubercles (3–4) behind ear, presence of groups of large tubercles in clusters (4–6 in a cluster) in dorsal body, presence of well prominent spine-like tubercles on flank, the intraorbital, dorsal tubercle and ventral counts, and also from morphometric analysis.</p>Published as part of <i>Mendis Wickramasinghe, L. J. & Munindradasa, D. A. I., 2007, Review of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Sauria: Gekkonidae) in Sri Lanka with the description of five new species, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 1490 (1)</i> on pages 12-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1490.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5087387">http://zenodo.org/record/5087387</a>
Illuminaçao Apologetica do retrato de Morteçor en que aparecem com mais vivas côres os erros do author do novo Methodo, e seu Apologista ...
No full textFecha sacada de la pág.2 y 159Sign.: A-V\p4\sError tipográfico de signatura : a B\b2\s llama B\b3\
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Universal Statistical Properties of Inertial-particle Trajectories in Three-dimensional, Homogeneous, Isotropic, Fluid Turbulence
No full textWe obtain new universal statistical properties of heavy-particle trajectories in three-dimensional, statistically steady, homogeneous, and isotropic turbulent flows by direct numerical simulations. We show that the probability distribution functions (PDFs) P(Φ), of the angle Φ between the Eulerian velocity u and the particle velocity v, at a point and time, scales as P(Φ) ∼Φ−, with a new universal exponent ≃ 4
Use of bioelectrical impedance in Sri Lankan children : comparison of several prediction equations
No full text
sj-docx-1-aph-10.1177_10105395231151730 – Supplemental material for The Long-Term Consequences of Early Life Exposure to Tsunami and Conflict on Adolescents in Sri Lanka
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-aph-10.1177_10105395231151730 for The Long-Term Consequences of Early Life Exposure to Tsunami and Conflict on Adolescents in Sri Lanka by Delan Devakumar, Laura Busert, Manoji Gitanjali Sathiadas, Pushpika Jayawardana, Angela Arulpragasam, Clive Osmond, Caroline H. D. Fall, Jonathan C. K. Wells and V. Pujitha Wickramasinghe in Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health</p
Validity of currently used cutoff values of body mass index as a measure of obesity in Sri Lankan children
No full textObjective The aim of the study was to determine the reliability of body mass index based (BMI) cutoff values in diagnosing obesity among Sri Lankan children. Methods Height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) in 282 children were measured. Total body water was determined by deuterium dilution and fat mass (FM) derived using age and gender specific constants. A percentage FM of 30% for girls and 25% for boys were considered as cutoff levels for obesity. Results Two hundred and eighty two children (M/F: 158/124) were studied and 99 (80%) girls and 72 (45.5%) boys were obese based on % body fat. Eight (6.4%) girls and nine (5.7%) boys were obese based on International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cutoff values. Percentage FM and WC centile charts were able to diagnose a significant proportion of children as true obese children. The FM and BMI were closely associated in both girls (r=0.82, p < 0.001) and boys (r=0.87, p < 0.001). Percentage FM and BMI had a very low but significant association; girls (r=0.32, p < 0.001) and boys (r=0.68, p < 0.001). FM had a significant association with WC and HC. BMI based cutoff values had a specificity of 100% but a very low sensitivity, varying between 8% and 23.6%. Conclusions BMI is a poor indicator of the percentage fat and the commonly used cutoff values were not sensitive to detect cases of childhood obesity in Sri Lankan children
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