1,721,077 research outputs found
State of science: mental workload in ergonomics
Full text linkMental workload (MWL) is one of the most widely used concepts in ergonomics and human factors and represents a topic of increasing importance. Since modern technology in many working environments imposes ever more cognitive demands upon operators while physical demands diminish, understanding how MWL impinges on performance is increasingly critical. Yet, MWL is also one of the most nebulous concepts, with numerous definitions and dimensions associated with it. Moreover, MWL research has had a tendency to focus on complex, often safety-critical systems (e.g. transport, process control). Here we provide a general overview of the current state of affairs regarding the understanding, measurement and application of MWL in the design of complex systems over the last three decades. We conclude by discussing contemporary challenges for applied research, such as the interaction between cognitive workload and physical workload, and the quantification of workload ‘redlines’ which specify when operators are approaching or exceeding their performance tolerances
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Modeling information processing components and structural knowledge representations in pilot judgment
No full textThis study contrasts high-time and low-time pilot judgment performance, using information processing components and knowledge representations in long term memory (LTM) as individual difference measures to predict performance. The objective was to determine which of these two classes of measures predicted pilot judgment performance for groups of varying levels of experience. Thirty pilots (15 high-time and 15 low-time) completed a cognitive capabilities assessment battery. This assessment battery was comprised of two components: domain-independent information processing measures, and measures of domain-specific knowledge representations. These pilots then flew MIDIS, a microcomputer-based decision flight simulator, on a simulated cross-country flight. Each pilot's performance on a number of in-flight decisions was assessed throughout the course of this flight. No significant differences in absolute performance level were observed between high-time and low-time pilots, however the pattern of ability differences that predicted low-time pilot performance was different from that which predicted high-time performance. Specifically, high-time pilot performance was better-predicted by measures of domain-specific knowledge representations. Differences in predictor patterns suggest qualitative differences in decision-making strategies used by the two cohorts.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:52:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 1989Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding ([email protected]) on 2011-05-07T14:46:59Z
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Compatibility in the visual field and the use of nontraditional flight displays
No full textTwo visual-spatial tasks were time-shared in an experiment to investigate the possibility of a compatibility mapping between the type of task (object-identification or motion-judgment) and the presentation location of the task in the visual field (central or peripheral). The attentional costs associated with time-sharing visual-spatial tasks were also addressed. The use of non-traditional flight displays to reduce visual overload in the cockpit was also explored. Three flight displays (central, peripheral, flow-field) were employed between subjects and the task types and locations were manipulated within groups. The results showed that (1) the type of task determined how quickly it was performed, while the location determines how accurately it was performed; (2) two peripheral tasks were found to interfere more than one central and one peripheral task, or two central tasks; (3) the flow-field display allowed for the most efficient time-sharing, suggesting further investigation into the use of non-traditional flight displays for the reduction of central visual overload in the cockpit. These results suggest that regardless of the task type, peripheral tasks are more demanding than central tasks. While limited evidence was found to support the compatibility hypothesis, no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that central and peripheral vision constitute separate resources.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:10:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
license.txt: 4922 bytes, checksum: 910b249b4beec47e7ab768910c8f966f (MD5)
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Previous issue date: 1990Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding ([email protected]) on 2011-05-07T14:37:42Z
Item is restricted indefinitely.Restriction data tranferred 2014-07-01T11:15:33-05:00
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Effects of noise and workload on performance with two object displays vs. a separated display
No full textThis study examines the effects of stress on the processing of displayed information from two types of object displays, formed by the color and size of a bar, or by the height and width of a rectangle, and from a separated two bargraph display. Subjects either integrated information across the two dimensions of each display or focused attention on each dimension, in a simulated airborne decision task. In Experiment 1 (14 subjects), stress was imposed via three levels of workload of a concurrent visual search task. In Experiment 2 (14 subjects), it was imposed by 88 dB helicopter noise. Results indicated that information integration was best supported by the rectangle display at higher levels of workload. Both the color bar and the bargraph display were associated with poor performance on the integration task, but were superior on the focused attention task. Hence, an emergent feature of the rectangle (its area), rather than objectness per se, was the critical element supporting information integration and disrupting focused attention. The imposition of noise enhanced the subjective feeling of stress. Noise did not influence performance on the decision task, but differentially affected the resources necessary to extract that information. Noise reduced the resource demands of both object displays and increased the resource demands of the separate bargraph display.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:58:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 1990Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding ([email protected]) on 2011-05-07T14:48:35Z
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The effects of task and multifunction display characteristics on pilot viewport allocation strategy
No full text"Multifunction displays (MFDs) and other electronic repositories of information are increasingly being deployed in the flightdeck environment. As is the case with the more traditional dedicated displays they are replacing, there is often a need to scan between information sources (i.e., screens) in order to monitor dynamic information sources or integrate information across different screens. Yet there exists little understanding of the relationships between screens which are important in influencing information accessibility and usability in MFDs. Even less is understood about how the database organization and navigational tools used to traverse the MFD drive pilot strategy in managing different tasks competing for the use of the limited number of available display viewports which serve as ""windows"" into the contents of the database. A study was conducted in an effort to identify important task and display characteristics influencing pilot strategy in allocating display viewports to tasks which require information contained within MFDs. With the identification of the factors underlying choice of strategy we can begin to understand the factors which should drive effective MFD interface design and which can facilitate MFD-based multitask performance in the cockpit."Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:28:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 1994Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding ([email protected]) on 2011-05-07T14:41:25Z
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Effects of checklist interface on nonverbal cockpit communications
No full textThe investigation described hereunder looked at the effects of the spatial layout and functionality of cockpit displays and controls on crew communication. Specifically, the study focused on the intra-cockpit crew interaction--and subsequent task performance--of airline pilots flying different configurations of a new electronic checklist, designed and tested in a high-fidelity simulator at NASA-Ames Research Center (ARC). The first part of this proposal establishes the theoretical background for the assumptions underlying the research, suggesting that in the context of the interaction between a multi-operator crew and a machine, the design and configuration of the interface will affect interactions between the individual operators and the machine, and subsequently, the interaction between operators. In view of the latest trends in cockpit interface design and flight-deck technology--in particular, the centralization of displays and controls--the theoretical introduction identifies certain problems associated with these modern designs, and suggests specific design issues to which the expected results could be applied. A detailed research program and methodology is outlined, and the results are described and discussed. Overall, differences in cockpit design were shown to impact the activity within the cockpit, including interactions between pilots and aircraft and the cooperative interactions between pilots. The research--which was performed on site at NASA ARC--served as the basis for Leon Segal's doctoral dissertation; Dr. Barbara Kanki served as his technical monitor and chief collaborator for NASA ARC and Prof. Chris Wickens as academic advisor. This research was supported by NASA-Ames University Consortium grant NCA 2-616.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T12:50:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 1994Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding ([email protected]) on 2011-05-07T14:46:34Z
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Cognitive requirements for aircraft navigation
No full textThis thesis presents a cognitive analysis of a pilot's navigation task, and using this foundation, describes an experiment comparing a new map display, employing the principal of visual momentum, to the two traditional track-up and north-up approaches. The visual momentum display is based on the characterization of the pilot's navigation task as the maintenance of a cognitive link between two reference frames (RFs)--the ego-centered reference frame (ERF) and the world-centered reference frame (WRF). The ERF corresponds to the pilot's forward view of the world and the WRF corresponds to a north-up geographic map. The new map display employs visual momentum by presenting the ERF, in the form of a perceptual wedge, in the context of a north-up map's WRF. An experiment was conducted to assess the different displays using licensed pilots to perform diverse navigation tasks in the context of computer simulated helicopter missions. As predicted, the data showed the advantage to a track-up map is its congruence with the ERF; however, the development of survey knowledge is hindered by the inconsistency of the rotating display. The stable alignment of a north-up map aids the acquisition of survey knowledge, but there is a cost associated with the mental rotation of the display to a track-up alignment for tasks involving the ERF. The data also show that the visual momentum design captures the benefits and reduces the costs associated with the two traditional approaches.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T13:37:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Previous issue date: 1990Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding ([email protected]) on 2011-05-07T14:57:11Z
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A comparison of methods for promoting geographic knowledge in simulated aircraft navigation
No full textGeographic disorientation is a potentially dangerous problem for all types of pilots under all types of flight conditions. The problem is even more serious for helicopter pilots who often fly at low altitudes and who must be precisely aware of their location with respect to obstructions in their environment. Any pre-flight method which can increase a pilot's geographic knowledge of the flying environment should therefore offer potential benefits to safety.In this experiment the traditional pre-flight navigation training method of map-study was compared to four versions of a relatively new method known as rehearsal flight. In the rehearsal flights pilots actively flew or passively watched either a high- or a low-detail version of a simulated flight through the target environment. Subjects then transferred to a second simulator where their navigation accuracy was assessed on the evaluation flight. The map-study subjects, rather than participating in a rehearsal flight, used the map to mentally rehearse the flight before transferring to the second simulator and flying the evaluation flight.The results indicated that navigation accuracy was not affected by the rehearsal flight's level of scene detail. However, the subjects who actively controlled the rehearsal flight, as compared to those who passively watched it, navigated more accurately on the evaluation flight. But when the map-study group was compared to the rehearsal flight groups, no substantial differences in navigation accuracy were found. In fact, the map-study subjects showed an advantage on certain measures of their global knowledge of the layout of the environment (survey knowledge). These results indicate that at least for relatively simple missions, a structured map-study session may still be the most appropriate tool for preparing pilots for the navigational aspects of an upcoming flight.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T13:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
license.txt: 4922 bytes, checksum: 910b249b4beec47e7ab768910c8f966f (MD5)
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Previous issue date: 1993Item marked as restricted to the 'UIUC Users [automated]' Group (id=2) by Howard Ding ([email protected]) on 2011-05-07T15:00:14Z
Item is restricted indefinitely.Restriction data tranferred 2014-07-01T11:28:29-05:00
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