1,721,104 research outputs found
Hydrogen peroxide treatment and its impacts on Lepeophtheirus salmonis originating from the Bay of Fundy, Canada
No full textHydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used to treat sea lice infections of farmed salmonids in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and issues with resistance to this treatment, and others are a major threat to the sustainability of the industry. The objectives of this study were to determine how H2O2 exposure affects survival and antioxidant‐related gene expression in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) collected from the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. The maximum recommended dose of H2O2 is 1,800 mg/L, while the EC50 values (with 95% CI) for the population tested were 1,486 (457, 2,515) mg/L for males and 2,126 (984, 3,268) mg/L for females. Neither temperature nor pretreatment with emamectin benzoate (EMB) impacted survival after H2O2 exposure. RT‐qPCR was performed on pre‐adult sea lice exposed to H2O2 and showed that four genes classically involved in the response to oxidative stress were unchanged between treated and control groups. Seven genes were found to be significantly upregulated in males and one in females. This is the first report on the efficacy and molecular responses of Atlantic Canada sea lice to H2O2 treatment
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Interacting in veterinary English : intercultural aspects of ESP
No full textCette thèse s'inscrit dans le domaine des langues de spécialité (LSP) et cherche à définir et caractériser la LSP anglais vétérinaire, en adoptant une perspective comparatiste interculturelle avec pour objectif de mieux répondre aux besoins des différents publics d'apprenants, qu'ils soient étudiants en formation initiale ou praticiens amenés à interagir avec des clients en anglais. La première partie nous permet de circonscrire le domaine, la communauté et les genres concernés, et d'émettre l'hypothèse que la consultation vétérinaire est un acte social culturel, ce qui implique, pour le vétérinaire pratiquant en situation interculturelle, d'être compétent dans la culture de l'Autre : connaître la place du vétérinaire dans la société, de l'animal dans la famille, pour pouvoir répondre aux attentes du client ; avoir développé des compétences sociopragmatiques, telles que les normes de politesse auxquelles se référer dans les interactions finalisées. Notre recherche, d'approche ethnographique, convoque à la fois les outils de l'analyse conversationnelle tels que appliqués au domaine médical, et la démarche contrastive de la linguistique comparée : nous examinons des séquences fonctionnelles issues de deux corpus de consultations filmées en milieu naturel au Royaume-Uni et en France. C'est en étudiant au plus près la langue qui permet la co-construction de l'action par les interactants dans les deux communautés que nous pouvons repérer les influences culturelles dans l'une et dans l'autre. La deuxième partie présente ainsi la méthodologie, les concepts utilisés pour l'analyse, la constitution des corpus et le traitement des données. Dans la troisième partie, nous collectons les observables de nos interactions filmées et les analysons d'un point de vue contextuel, en référence au modèle de communication adopté par les deux communautés et aux normes conversationnelles particulières à chacune. Nous nous appuyons ensuite sur les résultats de notre analyse pour répondre aux questions didactiques qui ont motivé notre projet de recherche et formulons des propositions de programme et d'activités d'enseignement qui répondent aux besoins identifiés chez les apprenants, parmi lesquels nous soulignons le développement de compétences interculturelles. Ce travail constitue une contribution au « projet collectif » de description des LSP, initié par Michel Van der Yeught (2016), tant par l'approche retenue - inspirée d'une autre discipline, celle des sociolinguistes interventionnistes - que par les connaissances produites. Il serait intéressant de confirmer nos résultats par d'autres formes de triangulation.This doctoral research falls in the area of languages for specific purposes (LSP) and aims to define and characterise a new LSP, veterinary English, from a comparative, intercultural perspective. It aims to cater to the needs of different groups of learners, from undergraduate students to practicing vets who interact with animal owners in English.The first part of the thesis circumscribes the domain of interest, as well as the community and genres concerned. I propose the hypothesis that a veterinary consultation is a cultural social act which requires that a veterinarian working in an intercultural context should have competence in a second culture. In particular, such vets should be aware of the vet's role in society and the place of the animal in the family, in order to respond to clients' expectations. They also need to develop sociopragmatic competence, including for instance the politeness norms which underpin interactional outcomes.I take an ethnographic approach which relies both on the tools of conversation analysis as applied in human medicine and on the contrastive approach favoured by comparative linguistics. My corpus involves filmed consultations in France and the UK, and analysis focuses on parallel sequences in French and British contexts. By closely investigating the language used to co-construct actions in the two communities, it is possible to isolate the cultural influences operating in each. This second section of the dissertation thus focuses on methodology, the concepts employed in analysis, the constitution of the corpus, and data preparation.In the third and final part, I bring together observations from these filmed interactions to analyse the influence of context, models of communication and culturally specific conversational norms. The final chapter re-examines these results in the light of the questions concerning language teaching which provided the initial impetus for this research project. It includes proposals for a veterinary English syllabus and teaching/learning activities to meet the particular needs of learners, particularly with respect to intercultural competences.We trust that this research responds to Van de Yeught's (2016) call for a "collective project" to describe different LSPs both in terms of its methodological approach, inspired by interventionist sociolinguistics, and with respect to the results presented. Future work might confirm the findings of this research using different forms of triangulation
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The acquisition of politeness by young EFL learners in France : an exploratory study of interlanguage pragmatic development
No full textCette étude de pragmatique de l’interlangue (PIL) examine des données empiriques sur lesapprenants l'anglais comme langue étrangère dans des écoles secondaires françaises, afin de contribuer à la compréhension du développement de la politesse en langue seconde (L2). En effet, avec l’augmentation des interactions plurilingues à travers le monde, la sensibilisation à ce qui est considéré comme poli ou impoli est désormais indispensable. Toutefois, l’acquisition de la compétence pragmatique en langue étrangère étant généralement difficile et les observations selon lesquelles les apprenants d’un bon niveau peuvent présenter des écarts par rapport aux normes pragmatiques, attestent de la nécessité de mener des recherches plus approfondies dans ce domaine (Kasper & Schmidt, 1996; Bardovi-Harlig, 1999). Bien qu’il existe à ce jour un nombre important de travaux de recherche portant sur ce domaine, la plupart d’entre elles se sont centrées uniquement sur le cas d’apprenants adultes (Kasper & Rose, 1999) en utilisant des taches écris de complétion du discours (“written discourse completion tasks”) (e.g., Hill, 1997; Jebahi, 2011), fin d’expliciter des connaissances pragmatique (Bardovi-Harlig, 1999, 2013). Dès lors, ce travail de thèse vise à étendre l'envergure de la recherche PIL en utilisant des méthodes mixtes de collecte de données auprès d’un large échantillon de jeunes apprenants débutants. Ces méthodes comprennent notamment: une tâche de dessin animé oral (“cartoon oral production task”), des jeux de rôle ouverts et des données naturalistes recueillies via des enregistrements vidéo en classe. Au total, 240 collégiens et lycéens (âgés entre 11 et 18 ans) de trois niveaux différents ont participé à cette étude afin de mettre en évidence le développement des compétences PIL avec la maitrise de la langue. Afin de compléter les résultats, des données secondaires ont également été recueillies par l’analyse des enregistrements vidéo de classe et l’examen des manuels scolaires et des entretiens avec les enseignants. L’analyse des requêtes est fondée sur le cadre de catégorisation des requêtes développé par Blum-Kula et al., (1989), cette cadre de catégorisation permet de rendre compte des dimensions pragmalinguistiques et sociopragmatiques des requêtes interculturel. Pour conclure, cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence que le développement des compétences pragmatiques en L2 est caractérisé presque exclusivement par l’augmentation de la fréquence des stratégies pragmalinguistiques à la fin de l'enseignement secondaire supérieur. L’éventail des stratégies utilisées ou les caractéristiques sociopragmatiques reflètent ce développement dans une moindre mesure, et ce quel que soit la méthode de récolte de données. Les données d’un autre goupe en L1 (français) ont révélé un développement similaire, suggérant que le transfert de la L1 pourrait expliquer le développement de la L2 (anglais) observé dans cette étude, d'autant plus que l'analyse des données secondaires a révélé peu d'intérêt sur les PIL dans les programmes d'enseignement.This study of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) investigates empirical data on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in French secondary schools to contribute to our understanding of the development of second language (L2) politeness. With the increase in multilingual interactions around the globe, awareness of what is polite or impolite has become indispensable. However, pragmatic skills are generally not easily acquired in foreign language settings. The observation that even advanced learners do not necessarily exhibit target-like norms has led to calls for further investigation (Kasper & Schmidt, 1996; Bardovi-Harlig, 1999). Although there is now a solid body of research in this area, most studies have focused on adult learners (Kasper & Rose, 1999) using written discourse completion tasks (see e.g., Hill, 1997; Billmyer & Varghese, 2000; Su, 2010; Jebahi, 2011) to elicit explicit pragmatic knowledge (Bardovi-Harlig, 1999; 2013). The present study seeks to extend the scope of ILP research by focusing on a large group of young, beginning learners using mixed methods including a cartoon oral production task, open-ended role plays, and naturalistic data from classroom video recordings. Participants were some 240 secondary school learners at three different levels (age 11 to 18) to allow the tracking of ILP development with language proficiency. To contextualise findings, secondary data was collected in the form of additional analysis of classroom films, textbook analysis, and teacher interviews. The analysis of request data is based on the seminal L2 discourse analytic framework cross-cultural speech act research project (Blum-Kula et al., 1989) which allows the analysis of both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic dimensions of requests. L2 pragmatic development was observed almost exclusively in terms of increased frequency of pragmalinguistic strategies, particularly by the end of upper secondary school, less so in terms of range of strategies or sociopragmatic features, and this across all data collection methods. French baseline data (L1) revealed similar development, suggesting that L1 transfer may be one explanation for the L2 development observed in the study, particularly since analysis of secondary data revealed little focus on ILP in teaching programs
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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