1,720,985 research outputs found
Women's experiences of mammography : fresh insights and novel measures
No full textIntroduction:
Breast cancer is an important health problem with nearly 56,000 new invasive cases yearly in the UK. It is therefore the subject of a screening programme with mammography as the test.
Screening programme effectiveness depends partly on acceptability of the test but mammography is not always acceptable to patients.
This work aimed to improve upon current understandings of the impact of pain in mammography, and of the examination experience more broadly.
Objectives:
1. To determine the relationship between mammography pain and repeat participation in breast screening;
2. To explore the contemporary experience of mammography in depth, from both patient and practitioner perspectives;
3. To develop and validate measures of patient experience in mammography.
Methods:
1. A systematic review; 2. a qualitative interview study with Framework data management and thematic analysis; 3. an instrument development and measuring and modelling study incorporating the Rasch model.
Findings:
Painful mammography was the reason given by 11-46% of non-reattenders. Meta-analysis of a subset of studies showed a relative risk of non-reattendance after pain of 1.34 [95% CI 0.94-1.91].
Qualitative findings emphasised the importance of compassionate care and highlighted challenges practitioners face in providing it.
Measures of adverse positioning and compassionate care in mammography were developed and validated, although further refinements are needed. Additional measures included general service quality and pain predisposition.
In preliminary statistical analyses, mammography pain was associated with score on the pain predisposition measure. Compassionate care score was associated with general service quality score and showed some variation by mammographer.
Conclusions/recommendations:
Improved information and support interventions are required for women attending mammography for the first time and/or with high scores on the pain predisposition measure. An educational intervention to optimise compassionate care in mammography should be developed and tested, using a refined version of the compassionate care measure. The adverse positioning measure should be expanded and further validated."This work was supported by:
• The National Awareness and Early Detection Initiative (NAEDI), reference
C29002/A12256. NAEDI was a consortium under the auspices of the National
Cancer Research Institute (NCRI). Partners were Cancer Research UK,
Department of Health (England), Economic and Social Research Council, Health
& Social Care R&D Division, Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), National
Institute for Social Care and Health Research (Wales) and the Scottish
Government.
• The College of Radiographers Industry Partnership Scheme (CoRIPS), grant
number 095
• The University of St Andrews School of Medicine Research Investment Fund
• Charitable donations from fundraising by Mrs Fiona Edwards." -- Fundin
Informed choice and consent among women attending for breast screening in the UK:data from a qualitative study
Get PDFIntroduction: While the concept of overdiagnosis can be difficult to understand, it has been shown that women wish to be informed about it. The latest breast screening information leaflet offers considerable detail about potential benefits and harms of screening, including overdiagnosis. However, it is unknown how much use women attending for screening make of the leaflet. We report qualitative findings on informed choice and consent within the UK breast screening programme.Methods: Participants were clients and mammographers from breast screening units in Scotland and London. Semi-structured, in-depth, individual interviews were conducted and thematic analysis performed. Results: Twenty-two clients were interviewed, aged 50−72: seven first-attenders and 15 subsequent, from a range of deprivation categories. Eighteen mammographer-participants included assistant, registered, and advanced practitioners, with a wide range of ages and lengths of experience. Most clients understood that screening aims to detect breast cancer early to improve the chances of survival. Several were aware of the possibility of false positive results and the risk of mammography inducing a cancer. Others could not name any risks of screening. Women had mostly either skimmed the information leaflet or not read it at all. Several mammographers recounted experiences where women had appeared to attend under pressure from others and where severe challenges existed in ascertaining consent. Conclusion: These qualitative findings that some women attend for breast screening with little knowledge of the balance of risks and benefits, and in some cases may encounter coercion, require further investigation. New methods of communication may be indicated.<br/
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Pain in mammography
No full textWhat is pain? Since 1979, physical pain has been defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” [1]. So, even in the context of specifically physical pain, it is widely accepted that there are affective (emotional) dimensions alongside the sensory perceptions.</p
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