1,721,900 research outputs found
Lessons from water markets around the world
No full textThis chapter provides a summary of the application of the WMRA conceptual framework to case studies in this book that span six continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, North America and Oceania), across 28 regions and 20 countries. As well as providing a summary of the case studies, it also provides an overview of the benefits associated with water markets, equity issues, and the areas where water markets fail. The application of the WMRA framework to the case studies in this book highlighted the importance of the correct sequencing of water reforms before formal water trade can occur. The majority of countries were only at Stage One (beginning) of the WMRA framework, and hence need significant water reforms before trade can occur to ensure trade does not lead to significant negative outcomes. Some of the key lessons for reform in countries included: a) establishing sustainable (and adaptable) water extraction caps; b) water accounting: c) measuring, monitoring and enforcing extractions; and d) recognising cultural values.Sarah Ann Wheele
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Introduction to water markets: an overview and systematic literature review
No full textSarah Ann Wheeler and Ying X
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
A note on modelling of coupled flow-deformation in unsaturated soils
No full textIn the first part of the paper the equations of continuity of water and air within an unsaturated deformable soil are derived in terms of flux velocities measured relative to the soil skeleton. This is the form in which the continuity equations should be presented if they are to be combined with Darcy's law for water and air flows. A simple numerical study shows the consequences of incorrectly combining Darcy's law with the continuity equations expressed in terms of absolute flux velocities. The second part of the paper focuses on the numerical implementation of the equations of flow in a finite element code. If an elasto-plastic stress-strain model is employed and if degree of saturation depends on net stress state, residual flux terms must be included in the two equations of flow during the convergency process for each elasto-plastic load step, analogous to residual forces in the equilibrium equation. A simple numerical example shows that substantial errors can arise from omission of these residual flux terms
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