1,723,325 research outputs found
Oral white lesions: who, what, where, when, how and why?
No full textDiagnosis and management of oral white lesions can be challenging in clinical practice owing to their highly variable aetiology and different prognoses ranging from benign, often reactive mucosal lesions through to potentially malignant conditions or frankly invasive oral cancers. In this paper, the author proposes a pragmatic, clinically based approach to assessment, diagnosis and treatment based on a diagnostic decision making tree and six classic information-gathering questions: who, what, where, when, how and why?Full Tex
Data Semantics:
No full textAt the panel held during the last session of the DS-6 conference, four panelists -- Leo Mark, Robert Meersman, Sham Navathe, and Arnon Rosenthal -- addressed the key questions related to the topic of the conference, related their perspectives to what was presented and discussed at the conference, and suggested research issues in data semantics that they would like to see addressed in the future. The panel was organized, introduced, and moderated by the author. Several conference participants also presented short position statements during the panel. This chapter summarizes the lively and often insightful panel discussion, along with additional thoughts of the author/moderator. Keywords Data Semantics, Application Semantics 1 INTRODUCTION The panelists participating in the panel on "Data Semantics: what, where and how?" were asked to address four fundamental questions directly related to the subjects of this conference: . What is data semantics? . Where do you find it (what do you lo..
What, where and when : deconstructing memory
No full textThis work was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (DTG studentship to R.E.S.M.)The ability of animals to remember the what, where and when of a unique past event is used as an animal equivalent to human episodic memory. We currently view episodic memory as reconstructive, with an event being remembered in the context in which it took place. Importantly, this means that the components of a what, where, when memory task should be dissociable (e. g. what would be remembered to a different degree than when). We tested this hypothesis by training hummingbirds to a memory task, where the location of a reward was specified according to colour (what), location (where), and order and time of day (when). Although hummingbirds remembered these three pieces of information together more often than expected, there was a hierarchy as to how they were remembered. When seemed to be the hardest to remember, while errors relating to what were more easily corrected. Furthermore, when appears to have been encoded as a combination of time of day and sequence information. As hummingbirds solved this task using reconstruction of different memory components (what, where and when), we suggest that similar deconstructive approaches may offer a useful way to compare episodic and episodic-like memories.Peer reviewe
Modelling of what-where-when episodic-like memories in rats
No full textEpisodic memories contain information about the nature of an event, the place where it happened and the time when it occurred. In animals, the term “episodic-like memory” is preferred to refer to mnemonic instances containing these three features, commonly referred to as “what-where-when”. Models to study episodic-like memory have been proposed in corvidae and rodents, although their use in the neuroscience research has been limited due to certain limitations and potential ambiguities. While the neurological correlates of “what-where-when” have been identified in neuronal types such as place and time cells, it is unclear how they contribute to form a unitary representation, or how this information can be accessed during memory recall, either holistically or differentially. Here, we outline two new behavioural paradigms based on the everyday memory task that we have developed to model what and when components as well as ‘where’ information. In experiment 1 (E1), we demonstrate that rats are able to learn two distinct food positions on a daily basis and retrieve them independently. In E2, we establish that rats can learn that two flavours are replenished at different times after an initial sampling, thus use the temporal component to guide their decision making. These two tasks can therefore provide the basis to study how the item, location and time information of a memory are stored and accessed by the brain. This should be observable in single-unit recording or calcium-imaging studies.
The dataset contains the data represented in the main and supplementary figures.Data structure is described in README.tx
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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