1,721,023 research outputs found
Understanding Police Use of Force Encounters in Context: What Encounters Look Like, Circumstances when Officers get Injured, and the Decision Factors and Processes Involved
No full textAs part of their duty, police officers engage with the public. Sometimes these encounters can become dangerous and officers may need to resort to the use of force to contain these situations. Police-citizen encounters that require the use of force are usually dynamic and volatile events that involve high stakes. During such difficult situations, officers need to make difficult decisions about using force. Officers need to decide if force is required, weigh up the potential risk and consequential outcomes, and make decisions about the degree and type of force to use. While policing researchers are gaining insights into the circumstances involving police use of force, less is known about how officers make decisions in these circumstances. Further, most of the use of force literature is informed by US data – hence little is known about police use of force within an Australian context, including the circumstances surrounding decisions to use force. In particular, little is known about the circumstances that pose a risk of injury to officers, and how these circumstances may affect officer decision making. Thus, it remains unclear why officers are using the levels of force that they do, and what decision-making processes are involved during such intense situations.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Criminology and Criminal JusticeArts, Education and LawFull Tex
Police Use of Interpreters: Understanding Police Perceptions, Recognising Current Practice and Informing Best Practice
No full textCurrent research on interpreters in the legal system acknowledges the complexity of their role and the potential for both positive and negative effects of interpreter-mediated communication (Boser, 2013; Heydon & Lai, 2013; Laster & Taylor, 1994). However, reports of the Australian police’s reluctance to provide interpreter services or of using inappropriate people suggest that non-native speaking people may be at risk (Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC), 1992; Gibbons, 2003; McMillan, 2009). Moreover, ineffective use of interpreters can impact the already overextended time and resources of police and risks fracturing relationships with members of the community that they aim to build. To date, the apparent discrepancy between police guidelines that encourage interpreter use and these negative reports has been given limited support by research, as it rarely takes into account the police perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis was to explore the use of interpreters from a policing perspective. A triangulated methodology was devised to investigate police perceptions of using interpreters, how police use interpreters in interviews with suspects, and police policy and guidelines about how to use interpreters. Such an investigation would also allow for an examination of interpreter use by police with victims, witnesses, suspects and informants. Multiple angles of investigation were used because improving police use of interpreters requires an investigation to understand police perceptions, recognise current practice and inform best practice. Considering these three elements will add to the growing empirical understanding of police use of interpreters and make a unique and practical contribution to improved police guidelines and training.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)School of Applied PsychologyGriffith HealthFull Tex
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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