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The Development of Urological Departments in Berlin
No full textNeben der Entwicklung der urologischen Chirurgie ist es auch durch den Ausbau
urologischer Diagnostik und Therapie ab dem 19. Jahrhundert zu einer
Verselbstständigung der Urologie in Berlin gekommen. Es existierten in Berlin
im 19. Jahrhundert zwar niedergelassene Ärzte für Harn- und Blasenkrankheiten,
stationäre urologische Abteilungen gab es zu jedoch nicht. Diese
niedergelassenen Ärzte waren vor allen Dingen auf dem Gebiet der chirurgischen
Therapien urologischer Krankheitsbilder auf allgemeinchirurgische Abteilungen
angewiesen. Als Teilgebiet der Urologie war die Nierenchirurgie als erste an
einigen Häusern schwerpunktmäßig etabliert. Diese waren das Krankenhaus der
Jüdischen Gemeinde mit James Israel und das Augusta-Hospital mit Ernst Küster.
Die Nierenchirurgie blieb bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg fester Bestandteil der
Chirurgie, so dass diese Spezialisierung in Berlin zunächst keinen Einfluss
auf die Entwicklung der Urologie an diesen Häusern hatte. Ab dem Beginn des
20. Jahrhunderts wurden zunächst poliklinische Einrichtungen mit urologischem
Schwerpunkt an der Chirurgischen Universitätsklinik und der Charité gegründet.
An manchen Häusern wurden niedergelassene Urologen konsiliarisch verpflichtet
und konnten zunehmend auch stationäre Behandlungen durchführen. Beispiele
hierfür sind das St.Hedwig-Krankenhaus und das Franziskuskrankenhaus. Dies
kann für Berlin als erster Schritt einer Abgrenzung der Urologie von der
Chirurgie gedeutet werden. Dies war ein notwendiger Schritt, zumal bereits
eine deutliche Trennung im ambulanten Bereich vorlag, und auch die
wissenschaftliche Abgrenzung durch die Etablierung von Fachzeitschriften und
Fachgesellschaften ersichtlich war. Durch den Ausbau der transurethralen
Diagnostik und Therapie war eine Behandlung durch den allgemein tätigen
Chirurgen schwieriger durchzuführen. Erst nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg treffen
wir in Berlin auf eigenständige urologische Abteilungen, die für eine
vollständige Ablösung von der Chirurgie Bedingung waren. Dies waren als erste
die Abteilungen am Versorgungskrankenhaus I (jetzt Bundeswehrkrankenhaus)
unter Max Zondek (1921), am St.Hedwig-Krankenhaus unter Alexander von
Lichtenberg (1924) und dem Kaiserin-Auguste-Viktoria-Krankenhaus im jetzigen
Bezirk Lichtenberg unter der Leitung von Joachim-Joseph Stutzin (1927). Dieser
Trend setzte sich zunächst fort, obwohl weiterhin viele der Patienten mit
alleinigen urologischen Krankheitsbildern an den allgemeinchirurgischen
Abteilungen der Berliner Krankenhäuser behandelt wurden und diese Behandlung
auch fester Bestandteil der chirurgischen Ausbildung und Forschung blieb. Die
späte Gründung eines Lehrstuhls für Urologie liegt auch hierin begründet und
ist im Text ausführlich dargestellt. Im internationalen Vergleich zu Ländern
mit ähnlichem medizinischen Standard fällt auf, dass sich in anderen Ländern
eine selbstständige Urologie auch an den stationären Versorgungszentren
wesentlich früher etablieren konnte. Im Anschluss an den Zweiten Weltkrieg war
die Aufrechterhaltung der Abteilungen nur bedingt möglich. Der Exodus
jüdischer Urologen und der Wegzug vieler Spezialisten nach Westdeutschland
verursachten in Berlin einen spürbaren Mangel, der an vielen Kliniken eine
Wiedereingliederung in die Chirurgie notwendig machte. Dies war nur kurze Zeit
notwendig. Es konnten in West-Berlin schneller Fachabteilungen wiedereröffnet
werden, am Krankenhaus Neukölln und am Krankenhaus Jungfernheide bereits 1946.
In Ost-Berlin war, neben der einzigen weiterbestehenden urologischen Abteilung
am St. Hedwig-Krankenhaus, am Krankenhaus Friedrichshain seit 1945 eine
Urologie vorhanden, wobei hier der Mangel an Fachkräften durch die Flucht
vieler Urologen und Fachschwestern und Pfleger länger evident blieb. Mit dem
Ende der fünfziger Jahre war in beiden Teilen Berlins die stationäre
Versorgung an urologische Fachabteilungen weitergehend sichergestellt.The development of urologic surgery, as well as the new diagnostic and
therapeutic strategies led to a growing independence of urology as a specialty
in the nineteenth century in Berlin. Although there where practicing
physicians for urinary and bladder diseases, urologic departments where not
yet established. For surgical therapy urologic patients had to be admitted to
general surgery departments. First of all some departments specialized in
kidney surgery, such as the Hospital of the Jewish Community under James
Israel as chief physician or the Augusta-Hospital with Ernst Küster. This did
not support the development of urologic departments at these hospitals. As a
first step towards autonomy, after the formation of urologic associations and
journals, at the beginning of the twentieth century some hospitals formed a
urologic policlinic or hired specialized attending physicians. Examples are
the University Hospitals, the Franziskus Hospital and the St.Hedwig Hospital.
This was a growing necessity after the rapid growth of transurethral
diagnostics and therapy. After World War I independent urologic departments
were established at the Versorgungskrankenhaus I under Max Zondek (1921), at
the St. Hedwig Hospital under Alexander von Lichtenberg (1924) and at the
Kaiserin-Auguste-Viktoria-Hospital with Joachim-Joseph Stutzin (1927) as head
of the department. The important surgical centres in Berlin were still
reluctant concerning the urologic autonomy. This explains why a professorship
was not installed before 1937. This development is shown for Berlin as a
sample but can be applied to all of Germany at the time. After World War II
some of the autonomy was taken back, due to the lack of specialists, a lot of
whom had a Jewish background and were killed or exiled during the Hitler
regime. Some of the remaining fled to the western occupied zones. In West-
Berlin and later in East-Berlin new urologic departments were founded, so that
from the 1950s on the urologic medical care was secured in both parts of
Berlin
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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