1,720,989 research outputs found
The effects of maternal protein restriction in the rat, upon programming of blood pressure, renal structure and function
No full textEpidemiological studies have identified an association
between fetal growth impairment and adult cardiovascular disease. This has been
examined experimentally using a model of maternal dietary protein restriction
during pregnancy in the rat. It has been consistently demonstrated that
offspring of dams supplied a low protein diet during pregnancy exhibit blood
pressures elevated above those of control animals. It was proposed that
hypertension in this, and other models may result from impairment of renal
development, and in particular, from a relative nephron deficit. This proposal
was addressed in this thesis.
Female Wistar rats were supplied either a 9% casein or an
18% casein diet during pregnancy, and parameters of offspring growth, renal
structure and renal function were examined in association with blood pressure.
Exposure to a maternal dietary protein restriction either
throughout pregnancy or during discrete weeks of pregnancy elevated the blood
pressures of the offspring. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that offspring
blood pressure was increased as a consequence of exposure to a maternal dietary
protein restriction during pregnancy, regardless of the diet supplied prior to
conception. Birthweight was either reduced or unaffected by prenatal exposure
to a maternal low protein diet. Postnatally the kidneys were, in general,
disproportionately smaller in offspring of 9% casein fed dams, compared with
those of controls. Prenatal exposure to a maternal 9% casein diet resulted in
offspring with 15% fewer glomeruli than control animals and impairment of nephrogenesis
in late gestation. Blood pressure increased with decreasing plasma volume in 9%
casein exposed offspring, but not in controls. The 9% casein exposed offspring
were also shown to be resistant to the hypertensive effects of salt consumption.
Examination of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate did not highlight
any differences in renal haemodynamics between the experimental groups.
In conclusion, these data suggest that exposure to a
maternal low protein diet during gestation impairs renal growth and
development. This in turn may alter renal function such that blood pressure is
elevated in order that body fluid homeostasis may be regulated efficiently. </p
Trace Mineral Intake and Deficiencies in Older Adults Living in the Community and Institutions: A Systematic Review
Full text link© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The global population is ageing with many older adults suffering from age-related malnutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies. Adequate nutrient intake is vital to enable older adults to continue living independently and delay their institutionalisation, as well as to prevent deterioration of health status in those living in institutions. This systematic review investigated the insufficiency of trace minerals in older adults living independently and in institutions. We examined 28 studies following a cross-sectional or cohort design, including 7203 older adults (≥60) living independently in 13 Western countries and 2036 living in institutions in seven Western countries. The estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-off point method was used to calculate percentage insufficiency for eight trace minerals using extracted mean and standard deviation values. Zinc deficiency was observed in 31% of community-based women and 49% of men. This was higher for those in institutional care (50% and 66%, respectively). Selenium intakes were similarly compromised with deficiency in 49% women and 37% men in the community and 44% women and 27% men in institutions. We additionally found significant proportions of both populations showing insufficiency for iron, iodine and copper. This paper identifies consistent nutritional insufficiency for selenium, zinc, iodine and copper in older adults
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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