89,467 research outputs found
Trafficking of adenosine A(2A) and dopamine D-2 receptors
No full textAn interaction between adenosine A(2A) and dopamine D-2 receptors has been demonstrated previously. It is generally found that agonist treatment internalizes receptors, including A(2A) and D-2, whereas less is known of the long-term effects involved in the agonist-mediated trafficking of A(2A) and D-2 receptors. Furthermore, the possible influence of the antagonists on receptor trafficking is still undefined. The present studies focus on the long-term effects of A(2A) and D-2 agonist and D-2 antagonist treatments on both A and D receptor trafficking studied at three different time intervals-3, 15, and 24 h. In addition, with the fluorescence resonance energy transfer technique, formation of heteromeric A(2A) and D-2 receptor complexes was shown in the cotransfected CHO cell line. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that a 3-h treatment with the D-2 agonist induced coaggregation of A(2A)/D-2 receptors. These A(2A)/D-2 receptor coaggregates internalized after 15 h with a recruitment of the receptors back to the cell membrane after 24 h. In contrast to the effects of the agonist treatment, a 3-h treatment with the D-2-like antagonist raclopride increased both A(2A) and D-2 immunoreactivity, indicating that the D-2 antaconist stabilizes the D-2 receptor and thereby reduces the internalization of both of the A(2A) and D-2 receptors. Taken together, an activation of either A(2A) and D-2 receptor or blockade of D-2 receptors will cause long-lasting changes in A(2A) and D-2 receptor trafficking
Book review: Contemporary Scottish plays, edited by Trish Reid
No full textBook review: Contemporary Scottish plays, edited by Trish Reid. London:
Bloomsbury, 2014; ISBN: 9781472574435 (£17.99)Publisher PD
Paleanotus silopsis Watson, 2015, n. sp.
No full textPaleanotus silopsis n. sp. (Figs 1 H; 7 A −D) Type material. Holotype: NTM W. 24186, Western Pacific Ocean, Australia, QLD, GBR, Lizard Island, Mermaid Cove, 14 º 38.76 ’S, 145 º 27.216 ’E, CReefs, LI- 10-19, coral rubble, 2 m, coll. C. Watson, Sep 2010, (1, 100 NE, L: 11 mm, W: 0.64 mm). Paratype: NTM W. 22923, same details as holotype, (1, 30 E, L: 3.2 mm, W: 0.8 mm). Other material examined. NTM W. 24186, High Rock, CReefs, LI- 10-134 C, 6 m, coral rubble, coll. C. Buxton, Sep 2010, (1 fragment, male); NTM W. 23203, Day Reef, CReefs, LI-09-019, coral rubble, 10 m, coll. M. Blazewicz-Paszokowycz, Feb 2009, (1 NE); AM W. 46151, Lizard Island, MI QLD 2359, (1); SIO A 3633, Indonesia, West Papua, Raja Ampat, Moiskon Island, coll. G. Rouse, 2012, (2: 1, male, 36 E, L: 4.6 mm; W: 0.5 mm; 1, 23NE, anterior end, L: 1.5 mm; W: 0. 35 mm); NTM W. 25639, Philippines, Luzon Island, Batangas Bay, Koala Point, 13 º 44.3 ’N, 120 º 53.4 ’E, rubble & yellow sponge, 10−16 m, coll. San Martin et al., Dec 2010, (1, 64 NE, W: 0.45 mm); NTM W. 24188, Palawan Island, El Nido, 11 º 41 ’N, 119 º 25 ’E, coral rubble with Lithothamnion, small red coralline algae, 3−12 m, Dec 2010, coll. C. Watson et al., (1, 70 NE, ovigerous female, L: 6.5 mm, W: 0.51 mm). P. silopsis species complex NTM W. 25637, Eastern Pacific, Moorea, Outer reef between Opunuhu Bay & Motus Islands, Stn. 487, 15– 18m, coll. J. Moore, Oct 2010, (1, 92E; 1 NE, mid-body fragment, male with sperm, W: 0.37 mm). Description. (based on holotype and other material where noted). Long, slender body with small parapodia, short, notochaetal paleal fans transparent to pale golden colour. Live Philippine specimen with pale body, bright, lightgold paleae. Holotype 100 segments not entire, length 11 mm, width 0.64 mm. Anterior end same as that described for P.s i l u s n. sp. with two pairs of maroon-red eyes dominating prostomium; median antenna comparatively more subulate, not with swollen tip (Fig. 7 A). Notochaetae of mid-body notopodium composed of 2–4 pointed lateral paleae with slender, fine serrate margins, 4–6 ribs; single sub-unit 1 palea with 7–9 ribs; short spine may be present (Fig. 7 C). Main paleae number up to 10 with shallow apices, serrate convex margin to apex (tiny hoods may be present); 14–17 ribs, nearly all with full length b.l. pattern. Median paleae number 3–5 with (13), 14–17 ribs, including 3−4 noticeable raised ribs and up to 14 b.l. ribs; median broad, leaf-shaped with pointed tips (Fig. 7 B, D). Neurochaetae of mid-body neuropodium composed of 2 superior long falcigers; 1 slightly shorter midsuperior; 15 mid-group falciger; about 5 inferior shortest falcigers. Total number approximately 25 with all compound articles slender; ventral cirrus subulate (Fig. 7 C). Remarks. Paleanotus silopsis n. sp. is represented by two entire specimens from Thailand and Indonesia; other specimens are broken with no anterior or posterior ends present. One GBR individual of 100 segments, not entire, has a length of 11 mm. Diagnostic characters of Paleanotus silopsis n. sp. include broad, leaf shaped and pointed median paleae; broad main paleae rounded distally with a slightly more distinct apex; greater degree of serrated paleae margins and b.l. projection and ventral cirri basally more broad (Figs 1 H; 7 B, D). Paleanotus silopsis n. sp. (western Pacific Ocean) is very similar to P. silus n. sp. (eastern Indian Ocean) but possesses median paleae of a different shape with a greater number of ribs and main paleae with a slightly greater number of ribs (detailed comparison in P. s i l u s n. sp. see Remarks). One male from Raja Ampat had sperm visible in segments 6 to 36 of an entire specimen. A Philippine ovigerous female had large eggs, similar in size to those observed in P. silus n. sp. Segments full of gametes may appear bead-like. A live male from Moorea had a clear body with yellow oil globules inside and white pigment on each segment, indicative of white granules; a condition seen in mature Treptopale species (Watson 2010). Eastern Pacific, Moorea specimen (P. silopsis species complex) exhibits characters similar to the western Pacific P. s i l o ps i s n. sp., but agrees more with Caribbean Sea material collected by the author. These constitute a new species which will be described as part of a genetic study of the ‘ silus / silopsis ’complex (Watson in prep.). Etymology. The species name silopsis refers to this species being very similar in appearance to silus. Silus refers to the pug-nosed shape of the main paleae and the Latin suffix ‘ opsis ’ refers to a likeness. Habitat / Distribution. Paleanotus silopsis n. sp. is present along the western Pacific Ocean rim at Lizard Island, GBR, Indonesia and the Philippines. Found amongst coral rubble from 1− 16 m.Published as part of Watson, Charlotte, 2015, Seven new species of Paleanotus (Annelida: Chrysopetalidae) described from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, and coral reefs of northern Australia and the Indo-Pacific: two cryptic species pairs revealed between western Pacific Ocean and the eastern Indian Ocean, pp. 707-732 in Zootaxa 4019 (1) on pages 724-726, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.24, http://zenodo.org/record/23424
On theorems of R. Rado and of D. Watson
No full textTheorems of R. Rado and of D. Watson are generalizations for theorems P. Kirchberger and C. Caratheodory. In the paper we will consider some generalizations and refinements for these theorems
Samarium diiodide mediated cascade radical cyclisations-synthesis of the eudesmane tricyclic framework
No full textRadical cascade cyclisation of methylenecyclopropyl cyclohexanone adducts, using samarium diiodide to generate an initial ketyl radical, provide a short route to tricyclic ethers, and the stereochemical outcome can be influenced by the solvent used for the reaction
Editorial: A Microbial View of Central Nervous System Disorders: Interplay Between Microorganisms, Neuroinflammation and Behaviour
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A narrative review of suicide and suicidal behavior in medical students
No full textStudies across different countries have consistently demonstrated high rates of several psychiatric disorders among medical students. These findings, in turn, may be correlated with the higher than expected rate of suicide in student doctors. We aimed to provide a narrative review of the literature concerning suicidality in medical students worldwide. A narrative review is not a systematic review. Using Pub Med, we identified articles including our defined search terms: ((suicide) OR self-harm) (attempted suicide, deliberate self-harm AND medical students) OR future doctors. Particular credence was given to review articles and original research conducted this decade. We find that medical student suicide is likely related to a number of social and environmental factors. Structural systems in medical schools may play a role, for example, curricula, accommodation, social support, and academic pressures. Interpersonal factors that may be implicated include social isolation, the competitive nature of learning, and being away from home at an early age. There may also be endemic factors unique to medical training, which may contribute to higher rates of depression and suicidality; these include simulation training, working with cadavers, and witnessing trauma throughout placements. The socio-cultural environment, for example, the role of ragging, expectations from teachers, and patients, may place extra pressure on vulnerable individuals. Rates have been shown to be higher among females, which raises further discussion on the nature of gender roles and gender role expectations within medicine. As the medical workforce of the future, today's students require a considerable emotional and financial investment. It is, therefore, crucial that educators and supervisors understand the needs of this student body while delivering the essential skills to be a doctor in a sensitive nonstigmatizing manner
Suicide among doctors: A narrative review
No full textDoctors across the world work in stressful conditions, often making life or death decisions under considerable pressure. With changes in patient and societal expectations, these pressures continue to rise. For several decades, it has been illustrated that rates of psychiatric disorders, especially suicide, are considerably higher in doctors than the general population. We performed a comprehensive literature search of suicide in doctors. Using defined terms (suicide, self-harm, doctors, physicians, residents) in PubMed, we identified pertinent articles for review. We find that suicide in doctors is influenced by exposure to the physical and emotional distress endemic to the profession. These experiences may be compounded by emotional giving to the brink of exhaustion; a lack of positive feedback; alongside workplace isolation and poor support networks. Moreover, risks may be magnified by impacts outside of work; long hours, strained family relationships, poor work-life balance, as well as system and organizational politics. Despite this, doctors persistently avoid seeking help because of stigma against mental illnesses, stigma against themselves, and growing concerns that disclosure may impact their medical license. In many cases, doctors choose to self-medicate with prescription medications, alcohol, and a range of other substances. It is important that health services respond promptly, adequately, and sensibly to the needs of doctors in distress. Organizations including regulators have a moral responsibility to care for the wellbeing of its staff. A proactive approach to well-being, through training, and support will not only benefit doctors but also the patients who utilize their services each day
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