131,238 research outputs found
Melithaea cervicornis Watling 2020, n. comb.
No full text<i>Melithaea cervicornis</i> (Thomson & Dean, 1931) n. comb. <p>(Figs. 5–7)</p> <p> <i>Muricellisis cervicornis</i> Thomson & Dean, 1931</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Colony with irregular branching, axis white, nodes gold-colored. Polyps fully retractable into calyx. Sclerites spindles or flattened spindles with large tubercles.</p> <p> <b>Type specimen.</b> Zoölogisches Museum Amsterdam.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Siboga Expedition, Station 139, 0° 11’ S, 127° 25’ E., in channel between Pulau Bacan and Pulau Laluin in the South Halamahara Regency, Indonesia. Depth, 397 m.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Only a few fragments, totaling 12 cm, of this species were collected (Fig. 5a, d). The diameter of the largest axis fragment is 3.6 mm, that with the polyps is 1.3 mm. Most fragments have no polyps.About 30 polyps are present. The polyps are mostly retracted into a calyx of 1–1.5 mm diameter and 0.5 mm height (Fig. 5e, f).</p> <p>The axis is typical for the family, with elongate (~ 5–12 mm) internodes interrupted by short (~ 1 mm long), golden nodes (Fig. 6a). The internodes are solid with an exterior layer of elongate stick-like sclerites 0.16–0.35 mm in length (Fig. 6 b–d). The nodes are of the same diameter as the internodes and contain numerous short (0.75– 0.13 mm), smooth rods embedded in a thin organic matrix (Fig 6e,f).</p> <p> The sclerites of the coenenchyme and calyx (Fig. 7d, e) are simple, densely tuberculate, somewhat flattened plates or more elongate, tuberculate rods up to 0.4 mm length. No clubs or other complex sclerites typical of the genus <i>Melithaea</i> were found. Sclerites on the upper part of the polyp are long, curved rods or flat rods, up to 0.41 mm in length, arranged in a collaret and points. Those of the points are more tuberculate and shorter (up to 0. 32 mm length) than those of the collaret (Fig. 7b,c). Tentacle sclerites are flattened tuberculate rods (Fig. 7a) up to 0.17 mm length. No sclerites were retrieved from the pharynx.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> The construction of the axis and nodes is typical of the genus <i>Melithaea</i>. In particular, the small, smooth rods in the node are similar to those seen in other members of the genus. On the other hand, the relative simplicity of the sclerites is uncommon, occurring only in one or a few other <i>Melithaea</i> species.</p> <p> <i>Melithaea cervicornis</i> is most similar to <i>M. modesta</i> from Japan (Matsumoto and Ofwegen, 2015) in the lack of clubs in the calyx and well as the look of the axis and nodes. However, the two species differ in the degree and form of the tuberculation on the sclerites. In <i>M. cervicornis</i> the tubercles are large, rounded, and crowded whereas in <i>M. modesta</i> they are taller, more spine-like, and more widely spaced (the distance between the tubercles being larger than the tubercle diameter). The two species are found in different biogeographic provinces (Watling <i>et al.</i>, 2013; Summers and Watling, in press), but could be closely related taxa.</p>Published as part of <i>Watling, Les, 2020, Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 1, species in the Muricellisidinae (Octocorallia: Isididae), pp. 361-371 in Zootaxa 4881 (2)</i> on pages 367-368, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4881.2.9, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/4283769">http://zenodo.org/record/4283769</a>
Acanthonotozomella barnardi Watling & Holman 1980
No full text<i>Acanthonotozomella barnardi</i> Watling & Holman, 1980 <p> <i>Acanthonotozomella barnardi</i> Watling & Holman, 1980: 612–614, figs 1–3.</p> <p> <i>Acanthonotozomella barnardi</i> – Watling & Thurston 1989: 303, 310, fig. 2d. — Coleman 2007: 15, fig. 1c–d, map 1 (circle).</p> Distribution <p>Off extreme southern Patagonia, 384–494 m (Watling & Holman 1980).</p>Published as part of <i>d'Acoz, Cédric d'Udekem & Verheye, Marie L., 2017, Epimeria of the Southern Ocean with notes on their relatives (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Eusiroidea), pp. 1-553 in European Journal of Taxonomy 359</i> on page 161, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.359, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3855694">http://zenodo.org/record/3855694</a>
Dokidisis australis Lapointe & Watling 2022, new species
No full textDokidisis australis new species Figure 15 Material Examined. Holotype: Tasman Fracture Zone, Outer Wall, Tasmanian Seamounts, TMAG K3834, collected on 08 January 2009, -45.3742, 144.5933, 3256 m, 1.35° C bottom temp. Diagnosis. With the characters of the genus. Description of Holotype. Colony unbranched or forks once at the node, with a thick and robust axis (Fig. 15A, B). Only a portion of the colony was collected. The axis contains numerous longitudinal grooves and is 15 mm diameter at the basal section and 9 mm diameter in the distalmost portion of the colony. The hollow core is less than 1 mm in diameter at the base and increases slightly in diameter as the colony grows, reaching about 1 mm distally. Polyps are sparsely scattered on all sides of the axis, with large areas of thin coenenchyme between polyps. Sclerites in the polyp body are blunt rods, arranged longitudinally and obliquely (Fig. 15C). Rods may be slightly curved, club-shaped, and vary in width (Fig. 15D). Needles and scales are not present in the polyp body. Sclerites are sparsely and irregularly arranged throughout the coenenchyme in the form of flat rods, ranging in length from 0.14 to 0.26 mm (Fig. 15E). Small flat rods, similar to those in the coenenchyme, may be sparsely arranged at the base of the polyp body as well. Scales are not present in the coenenchyme. Sclerites similar in shape to those in the polyp body but slightly smaller in size are arranged longitudinally along the aboral side (rachis) of the tentacles. Flat rods are arranged along the pinnules, perpendicular to the tentacle. Flat rods are decorated with numerous tubercles and longitudinal grooves (Fig. 15F). Sclerites are very sparse in the pharynx, and several polyps had to be examined before any sclerites were found. The polyp pharynx lacks sclerites in the form of thorny rods or double stars. The two sclerites found in the pharynx were measured at 0.09 and 0.11 mm in length, with several longitudinal grooves and irregular borders (Fig. 15G). It is possible that the sclerites found in the pharynx may be contaminants produced during dissection. Etymology. The species name is based on the Latin adjective australis = southern, a reference to the southern hemisphere where the specimen was collected. Remarks. Dokidisis australis is similar to Jasonisis thresheri, a new genus and species recently described from Tasmania (Alderslade and McFadden, 2012), in that both species branch at the node and lack intertentacular needles and pharyngeal sclerites in the form of thorny rods or double stars. However, unlike J. thresheri, D. australis is not covered by a thick tegument and the blunt rods in the polyp body differ significantly from the densely-packed scales in Jasonisis. Besides the lack of pharyngeal sclerites, we could not determine a set of specific characters that would include D. australis in the genus Jasonisis, even though the two species are in the same large J clade (see Watling et al. 2022) (Fig. 2). That clade has many morphologically diverse specimens within it and we suspect that with increased sampling the relationships of the several forms will become clear.Published as part of Lapointe, Abby & Watling, Les, 2022, Towards a revision of the bamboo corals (Octocorallia): Part 5, new genera and species of Keratoisididae from the Tasmanian deep sea, pp. 137-157 in Zootaxa 5168 (2) on pages 155-156, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/687716
Council cottages and community in inter-war Britain: a study of class, culture,politics and place.
No full textPhDThis thesis makes a contribution to the debates surrounding the idea of community
on the cottage council estates of inter-war Britain. It questions the conventional
wisdom that community was lacking upon these estates. Recognising the
problematic nature of the notion of community, this thesis overcomes the confusion
inherent in the term when it is used to describe social structures by viewing
community instead as a structure of meaning, as a discursive rather than material
reality. This guides my examination of community on the estates. Rather than
there being no community, it is argued that there were at least three different
discourses of community, and what is important is the relationships between them.
Chapter One discusses the contexts in which these estates were built, and then sets
out the ways in which community is understood in this thesis. Chapter Two
explains the methodology that was used, a combination of archival and oral histoiy.
In Chapter Three Roehampton and Watling - the two estates this research focuses
upon - are described in order to provide the contextual setting for my interpretation
of the discourses of community that were present there. Chapter Four is concerned
with community from the viewpoint of the residents who lived on the estates.
Chapter Five considers discourses of community from the point of view of the
tenants' and residents' associations that developed upon Roehampton and Watling.
Chapter Six explores the discourse of community that was promoted on the estates
by the Community Association movement.
Overall the thesis argues that the discourses of community on inter-war
housing estates have to be understood in terms of the occupational structures,
cultures and politics of these estates
Keratoisis ramosa Lapointe & Watling 2022, new species
No full textKeratoisis ramosa new species Figures 9, 10 Material Examined. Holotype: The Finger, Tasman Fracture Zone, Tasmanian Seamounts, TMAG K3847, collected on 10 January 2009, -45.2958, 146.1144, 2898 m, 1.877° C bottom temp. Diagnosis. Colony bushy and with multiple thin branches. Colony branches at the internodes, occasionally in a tripartite manner. Sclerites in the polyp body and coenenchyme are needles and rods, with a slight constriction, usually midway along the length, although the location may vary. Pharyngeal sclerites are toothed rods, significantly longer than wide, with several jagged calcium carbonate crystal extensions. Description. Colony is bushy in appearance with branching originating at the internodes (Fig. 9A, B). Branches occasionally originating at a tripartite junction. The axis ranges from 7 mm in diameter at the base of the colony to 1 mm along the distal branches. The axis is solid in the larger branches, with a pin-size hollow core in the thinner, distal branches. Secondary calcification occurs over several of the nodes, especially at the base of the colony. The distance between nodes is variable, ranging from 15 to 50 mm. Polyps are located on all sides of the axis, with large spacing among polyps. Polyps are tall, columnar, approximately 5 mm in length (Fig. 9C, D). Sclerites in the polyp body are rods, pointed rods, and needles, ranging in length from approximately 0.35 to 3.0 mm (Fig. 10A). Sclerites are arranged obliquely and horizontally at the base of the polyp, but longitudinally along one side of the polyp and surrounding the tentacles (Fig. 9C, D). Sclerites have a slight constriction that usually occurs midway, but may be located anywhere along the length of the sclerite (Fig. 10A). Rods and needles have longitudinal grooves and numerous tubercles on the ends. Scales are not present. Septal sclerites consist of eight individual or coupled protruding pointed rods, and may flare outward slightly when tentacles are contracted. When contracted, tentacles fold slightly inward with tips touching (Fig. 9D). Sclerites are arranged mostly longitudinally throughout the coenenchyme, with some arranged obliquely, similar in size to the sclerites in the polyp body, but with a tendency to be more pointed and slender (Fig. 10B). Tentacular sclerites are rods and flat rods, ranging from approximately 0.08 to 0.7 mm (Fig. 10C). The larger rods are arranged longitudinally along the aboral side of the tentacles, while the smaller rods are arranged horizontally from the tentacle base and into the pinnules. Sclerites of the pharynx are irregular toothed rods, with a heavily textured surface composed of grooves and protuberances. Pharyngeal sclerites are significantly longer than they are wide and range in length from approximately 0.07 to 0.09 mm (Fig. 10D). Two pharyngeal sclerites are frequently fused together. Lateral teeth may be gently rounded or triangular. Many sharp calcium carbonate crystal extensions protrude from the sclerite teeth. Etymology. The species name is based on the Latin adjective ramosis, = branchy, a reference to the many thin branches that comprise the colony. Remarks. The shape of the sclerites in the polyp body, coenenchyme, and pharynx of K. ramosa are unique within the genus. Rods and needles in the polyp body and coenenchyme have a distinctive constriction, usually midway along the lengthy of the sclerite. The conspicuous extensions of calcium carbonate on the pharyngeal sclerites has not been observed in any other species of Keratoisididae. The mtMutS sequence of this species differs from that of K. fruticosa only at the 5’ end of the gene.Published as part of Lapointe, Abby & Watling, Les, 2022, Towards a revision of the bamboo corals (Octocorallia): Part 5, new genera and species of Keratoisididae from the Tasmanian deep sea, pp. 137-157 in Zootaxa 5168 (2) on pages 146-148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/687716
Cladarisis nouvianae Watling, 2015, new species
No full textCladarisis nouvianae new species Figures 1–7 Material examined. Holotype: Collected off Rum Cay, Bahama Islands, 23 ° 38.0756 'N, 74 ° 57.2196 'W, depth 1117 m, 24 March 2009, specimen RUM 107 - 2, YPM IZ 0 70870. Other material: Off Cat Island, Bahama Islands, 24 °08.9927'N, 75 ° 12.0680 'W, depth 1243 m, 21 March 2009, specimen CAT 207 - 1 (most of the specimen deteriorated during storage, after sclerite examination and genetic analysis; small fragments exist in the lab of S.C. France at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA). Diagnosis. With the characters of the genus. Description of Holotype. The colony is long and slender, sparsely branched, with branches emanating from nodes. The holdfast is very small, not much larger than the diameter of the axis (Fig. 1 A). From the holdfast to the first branch point is about 10 cm, subsequent branches are spaced about 9 to 14 cm apart, with one interbranch distance of 4.5 cm. The two main branches carry two or three subsequent branches, one of which is branched twice more, resulting in two third-order branches that are approximately 18 cm long. Total colony length is about 75 cm (as determined by measurements made on the in situ image in Fig. 1 A). Axial internodes are solid, except for those newly forming at the ends of the branches. The internode hollow center appears to be secondarily calcified (Fig. 2 C). Internodes (Fig. 2 A, B) range in length from 3.5 to 14.9 mm (mean= 9.76 mm, std. dev.= 2.36, n= 49), and in width from 0.33 to 0.93 mm (mean= 0.67 mm, std. dev.= 0.21, n= 12). Nodes are very short, about 1 mm in length and do not seem to be very heavily calcified resulting in a very flexible colony whose branch tips are often curved (e.g., Fig. 1 B, 2 B). Polyps are small, less than 3 mm tall when contracted, and are arranged in two irregular rows along the branches, often in alternate fashion (Fig. 2 A,B). Interpolyp distances in each row range from 5 to 18 mm, but are most frequently about 10 mm. No polyps are present on the distal-most 3 cm of the branches and polyps and tissue appears to be absent along part of the axis from the holdfast to the first branch-point. Because of the relative shortness of the internodes, each internode supports only one or two polyps; occasionally a polyp is located on a node. Polyps are short cylinders, being as wide as tall (Fig. 3 A-D). When contracted the tentacles are not visible and the top of the polyp is covered with a logjam of rod-shaped sclerites (Fig. 3 D). The outside of the polyp is festooned with curved rods that are loosely organized. The longer sclerites originate at the base of the polyp, often extending the width of the skeletal axis, and are oriented diagonally. The shorter sclerites are mostly located higher on the polyp and can be oriented either horizontally or longitudinally. None of the sclerites appear to be aligned directly with the mesenterial insertions on the polyp body wall (Fig. 3 B). All sclerites on the polyp body are robust rods with blunt or rounded tips (Fig. 4). Each is ornamented with small regularly spaced tubercles (Fig. 2 D, E). Most of the rods are curved or have irregular outlines. Only those at the base of the tentacles are more or less straight (Fig. 5 D). Rods are oriented longitudinally along the aboral side of the tentacles, becoming progressively smaller toward the tentacle tip. Flat rods (Fig. 5 C) are common in the pinnules and along the oral surface of the tentacles. Polyp body sclerites range in length from 1.0 to 2.5 mm, the rods along the aboral side of the tentacles are 0.4 to 0.9 mm long, and tentacle flat rods are 0.06 to 0.15 mm (Fig. 6). The pharyngeal sclerites are 0.07 to 0.14 mm in length. The tentacles contract completely into the oral cavity of the polyp (Fig. 3 D, 7 A). The “mouth” is funnelshaped, demarcated from the pharynx by a flat ring (R, Fig 7 A). The pharynx (as determined by the presence of pharyngeal sclerites) continues the structure ventrally, terminating in a hypopharynx (H, Fig 7 A, 7 C) uniting the eight septa. The sclerites of the pharynx region consist of two distinct types, those that are flat rods with tooth-like protuberances (Fig. 5 B) being found at the junction with the oral funnel, while the more typical short and wide toothed rods (Fig. 5 A, 7 D) occupy the lower part of the pharynx. Variation. The only other specimen collected, CAT 207 - 1, was about 30 cm in length and branched twice. The polyps of the latter specimen were examined in detail and differed from those of the holotype only in having slightly smaller sclerites on the polyp body. The largest sclerites were 2.4 mm in length whereas on the larger holotype the largest body sclerites are about 2.5 mm in length (Fig. 6). But the smaller CAT 207 - 1 had a much larger array of smaller rods on the polyp body and the rods in the tentacles were much smaller than on the holotype. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Claire Nouvian, founder of the organization Bloom Association, in recognition of her tireless efforts working to reduce the destruction of deep-sea habitats by bottom trawls. Remarks. Within the Keratoisidinae, the genera Lepidisis, Jasonisis, Acanella, and Isidella were known to branch at the nodes if they branched at all (France 2007, Alderslade and McFadden 2012). Cladarisis branches at the nodes once the colony reaches sufficient size to begin branching. Among this group, the pattern of branching of Cladarisis is most similar to that seen in Isidella (sparse and lateral, not in whorls), and in fact, the specimens collected were provisionally assigned to that genus as samples were sorted on board the ship. The genus Isidella currently comprises the species I. elongata Esper, 1788 (type species), I. lofotensis Sars, 1868, I. trichotoma Bayer, 1990, I. longiflora (Verrill, 1883), and I. tentaculum Etnoyer, 2008. Only the first three are likely to remain in the genus. Isidella longiflora was originally described and placed in the genus Lepidisis by Verrill, but since that genus came to be thought of as unbranched, Grasshoff (1986; Grasshoff and Zibrowius 1983) moved longiflora to Isidella on the basis of dichotomous branching from the nodes. The exact placement of this species remains to be determined since the existing museum material is not in very good condition. Further, Verrill (1883) noted that branches arising at the nodes could arise singly, or two at a time. In a manuscript that was unfortunately not published before his death, Verrill suggested that L. longiflora should be moved to a new genus “ Acanellides ” (this manuscript is in the collection of the Yale Peabody Museum and photocopies of the pages can be obtained from this author). Isidella tentaculum differs from all the others in having sclerites in the form of rods, the mesenterially placed sclerites are rods rather than needles, and the branches, while originating at the nodes form more of a candelabra shape. In addition, the axis internodes are thick and heavy, rather than thin and moderately delicate. Unpublished genetic sequence data suggests that I. tentaculum belongs to a clade different from that in which the other three Isidella species (including the type) reside (Scott C. France, personal communication). Thus, for this discussion, the genus Isidella will be considered to consist only of the first three species noted above. The species Isidella elongata, I. lofotensis, and I. trichotoma have moderately long to very long, thin hollow internodes, polyps armed with sclerites predominantly in the form of needles, with larger needles in groups of 2-3 placed at the mesenterial insertions on the body wall (Bayer 1990) and usually projecting between the tentacle bases. Branching at the nodes has been termed dichotomous (Bayer 1990), but should be lateral according to Alderslade (1998), and sparse. The tentacles, when contracted, fold over the mouth but remain exposed. Isidella lofotensis needs redescription (in preparation); however, colonies recently studied in the collection of the Tromsø Museum are bushy, branching at the nodes in all planes, and the sclerites arranged along the mesenterial insertions are large pointed rods rather than thin needles. A very small colony collected in 1872 at the type locality by G.O. Sars, from the collection of the Copenhagen Museum, has a similar arrangement of polyp body sclerites, but all are needles rather than rods (inviting the supposition that as the colony grows and ages the needles either become thicker or are replaced). Both colonies have solid internodes. The tentacles contract but stay exposed. The genus Cladarisis resembles these three species of Isidella in the form of the colony, the long and thin branches, branching sparse and lateral, and with branches originating at the nodes. Cladarisis differs, however, in several ways. The internodes are generally shorter (mean length, 9 mm). Measurements made on photos of specimens of I. elongata and pieces of a specimen of I. lofotensis, show that internode length in those two species range from 13 to 17 mm and 9 to 15 mm, respectively. Internode lengths in I. trichotoma reach 85 mm (Bayer 1990). The polyp body of Cladarisis possesses sclerites that are exclusively rods, and the sclerites are organized haphazardly such that none are aligned with the mesenteries. Indeed, the rods are arranged almost randomly along the outside of the polyp, with some on the distal part of the polyp oblique to horizontal, and with longitudinally oriented smaller rods only along the aboral surface of the tentacles. The pharyngeal sclerites of Cladarisis also differ significantly from those of I. trichotoma (details for the other two species are missing). In the latter, the sclerites are elongate, slightly toothed rods, verging on being flat rods, whereas in Cladarisis one group of pharyngeal sclerites are short, wide, and thick, with protuberances on all sides.Published as part of Watling, Les, 2015, A new genus of bamboo coral (Octocorallia: Isididae) from the Bahamas, pp. 239-249 in Zootaxa 3918 (2) on pages 240-244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3918.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/23807
Anthothela echinata Watling 2020, n. comb.
No full textAnthothela echinata (Kükenthal, 1915) n. comb. (Figs. 1–4) Muricellisis echinata Kükenthal, 1915, p. 124; Kükenthal, 1919, p. 627 Diagnosis. Colony membranaceous. Polyp cylindrical, often exsert or invaginated into calyx, crowded together with little coenenchyme space. Coenenchyme and calyx sclerites clubs, thorn-clubs, sticks and spindles; polyp sclerites sticks and spindles arranged as collaret and points. Tentacle sclerites short, flat tuberculate rods along the rachis with spatulate clubs in the pinnules. Pharyngeal sclerites not known. Type specimen. Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany Type locality. Sagami Bay, 730 m. Description. The type consists of three fragments totaling 11 cm according to Kükenthal (1919). The following description applies to an 8 cm piece loaned from the Museum für Naturkunde (Fig. 1a). The colony is membranaceous, overgrowing a piece of axis from a keratoisid bamboo coral (Fig. 2 e–g). Polyp calyces are very closely arranged with little coenenchyme space between them (Fig. 1b). The polyps are cylindrical, short, and mostly invaginated within the calyx, with the tentacles folded into the polyp (Fig. 1c, d). The polyp does not appear to have a typical cylindrical pharynx, rather there is a thick ring of tissue (“pharyngeal ring”) attached at the proximal end of the polyp as it invaginates into the calyx (Fig 1c, d, P). A few sclerites are visible under the tissue on the proximal (ventral) side of the pharyngeal ring (Fig. 2b, c). Short septa (S) extend proximally to the calyx wall from the pharyngeal ring and seem to spread across the interior of the calyx (Fig. 1c, d, Fig. 2d). In one case, eggs appear to be present along the inner calyx wall (Fig. 2a). The sclerites of the coenenchyme consists of sticks and small clubs (Fig. 3a). Most of the calyx sclerites are small clubs and thorn clubs of various sizes (Fig. 3b). The polyp sclerites are spindles in a collaret (?) and points arrangement. Flattened tuberculate rods are common on the tentacle rachis and small rods and spatulate clubs are found in the pinnules. Remarks. Kükenthal (1915, 1919) created the new genus Muricellisis for this species and added it to the Family Isididae as a new subfamily Muricellisidinae due to the presence of a calcareous axis with nodes and internodes underlying the polyps and coenenchyme. However, the curious form of the polyps and the spiny and tuberculate sclerites were unlike anything seen in the Isididae to that time. Kükenthal noted that had the calcareous axis not been present, he would have thought this species to be similar to Muriceides. The sclerites of this species, in particular the thorn-clubs of the calyx wall and spatulate clubs in the pinnules, suggests that the species belongs to the Anthothelidae. In addition, the documentation by Moore et al. (2017) that some members of the genus Anthothela could exist as membranous colonies with no axis cortex and medulla, hinted at the possibility that the keratoisidid axis present here could merely be a substrate on which the colony was growing. In fact, the form of the axis is definitely keratoisid-like, but also seems to be considerably degraded (images not shown). However, there are no members of the Keratoisidinae that have sclerites in the form possessed by this species. The most parsimonious explanation for the disparity between the form of the axis and the nature of the polyps and sclerites is that the octocoral and the axis on which it is growing do not belong to the same species. From the review of the Anthothelidae by Moore et al. (2017), there does not seem to be any known species in the genus Anthothela to which this species could belong. Several species have colonies with fully formed axes but as well are membranous growing on some unrelated substrate such as sponge spicules. Of the seven species of Anthothela, three have thorn clubs: in A. vickersi the thorn clubs are mostly rounded at the tips; those of A. aldersladei and A. tropicalis are most like those seen here in A. echinata. As with A. aldersladei, the thorn clubs are shorter (0.4–0.55 mm) than in A. tropicalis (0.33–0.78 mm). The calyces in A. aldersladei, however, are much taller than in A. echinata (1.5–2.5 mm in height vs. 1–1.5 mm, and 2–2.5 mm in width vs. 1.5–2 mm). Hockey stick sclerites were not observed in the few calyces and polyps of A. echinata that were examined. Their absence would further distinguish these two species.Published as part of Watling, Les, 2020, Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 1, species in the Muricellisidinae (Octocorallia: Isididae), pp. 361-371 in Zootaxa 4881 (2) on pages 362-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4881.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/428376
Model Representation & Decision-Making in an Ever-Changing World: The Role of Stochastic Process Models of Transportation Systems
No full textPeer Relations and the Understanding of Faux Pas: Longitudinal Evidence for Bidirectional Associations
No full textResearch connecting children's understanding of mental states to their peer relations at school remains scarce. Previous work by the authors demonstrated that children's understanding of mental states in the context of a faux pas-a social blunder involving unintentional insult-is associated with concurrent peer rejection. The present report describes a longitudinal follow-up investigation of 210 children from the original sample, aged 5-6 or 8-9years at Time 1. The results support a bidirectional model suggesting that peer rejection may impair the acquisition of faux pas understanding, and also that, among older children, difficulties in understanding faux pas predict increased peer rejection. These findings highlight the important and complex associations between social understanding and peer relations during childhood. © 2011 The Authors. Child Development © 2011 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc
Keratoisis fruticosa Lapointe & Watling 2022, new species
No full textKeratoisis fruticosa new species Figures 3–8 Material Examined. Holotype: TMAG K3832, The Finger, Tasman Fracture Zone, Tasmanian Seamounts, 10 January 2009, -45.2949, 146.1144, 2423 m, 2.07° C bottom temp. Paratypes: TMAG K3837, St. Helens, Tasmanian Seamounts, 01 January 2009, -41.2395, 148.8221, 1286 m, 3.37° C bottom temp. TMAG K3851, The Finger, Tasman Fracture Zone, Tasmanian Seamounts, 10 January 2009, -45.3004, 146.1025, 2217 m, 2.14° C bottom temp. TMAG K3850, St. Helens, Tasmanian Seamounts, 01 January 2009, -41.2397, 148.8206, 1355 m, 3.07° C bottom temp. TMAG K3836 and K3848, Mongrel / South Hills, Tasmanian Seamounts, 21 December 2008, -44.2933, 147.6333, 1123 m. TMAG K3844, Tasman Fracture Zone, Tasmanian Seamounts, 09 January 2009, -45.3697, 144.6031, 2727 m, 1.73° C bottom temp. TMAG K3838, South Hills, Tasmanian Seamounts, 21 Dec 2008, -44.2933, 147.6333, 1060 m, 4.15° C bottom temp. Diagnosis. Colony is bushy in appearance, branching irregularly at the internodes, occasionally with nodes at the origin of the branch. Secondary calcification occurs over most of the axis. Sclerites in the polyp body are needles or rods arranged obliquely, longitudinally, and occasionally horizontally at the base. Septal sclerites are arranged in groups or as single longitudinal needles. Description of holotype. Branching pattern is irregular. Colony branches at the internodes, but a node might be present at the origin of the branch (Fig. 3A). The axis is approximately 15 mm in diameter at the base of the colony, and decreases to 1 mm at the distal branches. The axis core is hollow, pin-sized throughout the entire colony, independent of the diameter of the axis. Internodes range from 32 to 59 mm in length. Polyps are located on all sides of the axis, separated by obvious coenenchyme tissue. Polyps are tall (~ 1 cm) and columnar, with a similar diameter throughout (Fig. 3C, D). Sclerites in the polyp body are rods and needles, and may be straight or slightly curved, ranging in length from 0.55 to 4.0 mm. Sclerites are arranged obliquely and longitudinally throughout the polyp body, and occasionally horizontally at the base (Figure 3C, D). Rods and needles have longitudinal grooves and tuberculate ends (Fig. 4A). Scales are not present. Septal sclerites are needles arranged in groups or singly, perpendicular to the polyp axis, and flare outward slightly when tentacles are contracted. When contracted, tentacles fold slightly inward with tips touching, or fold over slightly toward the center of the polyp (Fig. 3C). Tentacular sclerites are rods and flat rods, ranging from approximately 0.29 to 0.75 mm (Fig. 4C). The larger rods are arranged longitudinally along the tentacles, decorated with grooves, and have rounded ends with numerous tubercles. The pinnules contain smaller flat rods, 0.10 to 0.15 mm, also decorated with longitudinal grooves and numerous tubercles. Sclerites of the pharynx are irregularly toothed rods, with a heavily textured surface decorated with longitudinal grooves and multiple tubercles (Fig. 4D). Lateral teeth may be gently rounded or triangular. Pharyngeal sclerites range in length from approximately 0.07 to 0.10 mm, and two sclerites may occasionally be fused together. Sclerites in the form of rods, similar in size and shape to sclerites in the polyp body, are sparsely and irregularly arranged throughout the coenenchyme (Fig. 4B). Variation of paratypes. All specimens examined and designated as paratypes had genetically identical sequences for the gene mtMutS. Axis internodes vary significantly in length, both within and between the specimens collected. Internodes are most frequently between 30 and 50 mm in length, but there is great variation in distance between nodes, ranging from 18 to 70 mm. In specimen TMAG K3851, several portions of the axis form anastomoses. Needle sclerites in the polyp body and coenenchyme are often straight, but most of the specimens collected commonly have curved sclerites in these areas (Fig. 5). In TMAG K3837, flat rods were also found irregularly arranged in the coenenchyme, similar in shape and decoration to the flat rods in the tentacles, but slightly larger (Fig. 6). Tentacular sclerites always consist of rods and flat rods, although the larger rods may vary slightly in shape (Fig. 7). Some may have a pronounced club appearance, while others may be wider in the middle than at the ends. Specimens TMAG K3848, TMAG K3850 and TMAG K3844 have pharyngeal sclerites similar in size and shape to the other specimens collected, but with several very sharp extensions protruding from the sclerites (Fig. 8). Etymology. The name based on the Latin adjective fruticosum, = bushy or shrubby, a reference to the general appearance of the colony. Remarks. This species is unique in the genus Keratoisis as the branching pattern is highly variable, with branches at the internodes, but with nodes at the origin of some of the branches. Interestingly, that mode of branching was also illustrated for K. grayi by Bayer (1956). This species also demonstrates high variability in the sclerite shape, in particular in the body and coenenchyme. Various invertebrates tend to be associated with this species. An anemone was growing on one of the branches of TMAG K3837 and was included in the specimen collection. TMAG K3850 was collected growing on the dead skeleton of a scleractinian coral, Solenosmilia variabilis.Published as part of Lapointe, Abby & Watling, Les, 2022, Towards a revision of the bamboo corals (Octocorallia): Part 5, new genera and species of Keratoisididae from the Tasmanian deep sea, pp. 137-157 in Zootaxa 5168 (2) on pages 141-145, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/687716
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