326,922 research outputs found
The First Deal: The Division of Founder Equity in New Ventures
No full textThis paper examines the division of founder shares in entrepreneurial ventures, focusing on the decision of whether or not to divide the shares equally among all founders. To motivate the empirical analysis we develop a simple theory of costly bargaining, where founders trade off the simplicity of accepting an equal split, with the costs of negotiating a differentiated allocation of founder equity. We test the predictions of the theory on a proprietary dataset comprised of 1,476 founders in 511 entrepreneurial ventures. The empirical analysis consists of three main steps. First we consider determinants of equal splitting. We identify three founder characteristics –idea generation, prior entrepreneurial experience and founder capital contributions – regarding which greater team heterogeneity reduces the likelihood of equal splitting. Second, we show that these same founder characteristics also significantly affect the share premium in teams that split the equity unequally. Third, we show that equal splitting is associated with lower pre-money valuations in first financing rounds. Further econometric tests suggest that, as predicted by the theory, this effect is driven by unobservable heterogeneity, and it is more pronounced in teams that make quick decisions about founder share allocations. In addition we perform some counterfactual calculations that estimate the amount of money ‘left on the table’ by stronger founders who agree to an equal split. We estimate that the value at stake is approximately 10% of the firm equity, 25% of the average founder stake, or $450K in net present value.
Engaging and disengaging with political disinformation on WhatsApp: A study of young adults in South Africa
No full textEffects of adaptation and intensity on candidate sensory codes for photoreceptor response duration: Implications for visual persistence
No full textThis thesis studied the effects of light adaptation and flash intensity on the duration of bio-electric signals evoked in photoreceptors. It also explored possible sensory codes for assessing receptor response duration. And it compared these results with behavioral measures of visual persistence. One variable, namely, adaptation, has long been known to affect the timing of visual responses, but earlier more restricted work (Nisly & Wasserman, 1987) found no adaptation effect on several particular measures related to visual persistence. The present expanded work indicates, however, that an adaptation effect is present when the state of adaptation is varied by about 3.5 log units. Code-dependent direct, inverse, invariant, and U-shaped trends related flash intensity to photoreceptor response duration. Many behavioral studies have also shown that intensity has either direct or inverse effects on visual persistence. Different models of these results have been proposed and the present thesis tested the ability of the task-dependent model and the intensity-dependent model to explain both the direct and inverse intensity effects. The test first looked at the receptor responses evoked by single light flashes and then looked at the interactions produced by double flashes. This research suggests that a melding of the two models may be most useful if other variables are also taken into account. An additional aim of the present research was to explore further the properties of several candidate sensory codes which behavioral paradigms have implicated in visual persistence. Some of these had been given preliminary tests (Nisly & Wasserman, 1989). These candidates had been proposed as correlates of various behavioral paradigms. These proposed correlates did yield most expected trends, but the present thesis only qualitatively corroborated the expectations which generated this research and numerous quantitative discrepancies were found between data and theory. The persistence problem is therefore still incompletely understood
Jews, Gentiles, and Other Animals The Talmud after the Humanities
No full textIn Jews, Gentiles, and Other Animals, Mira Beth Wasserman undertakes a close reading of Avoda Zara, arguably the Babylonian Talmud's most scandalous tractate. According to Wasserman, Avoda Zara is where this Talmud joins the humanities in questioning what it means to be a human.Cover -- Contents -- A Note on Sources, Usage, and Transliteration -- Introduction -- 1. The Sense of a Beginning -- 2. Jews, Gentiles, and Other Animals -- 3. Leaky Vessels -- 4. Ethics and Objects -- 5. The Last Laugh -- Notes -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- AcknowledgmentsIn Jews, Gentiles, and Other Animals, Mira Beth Wasserman undertakes a close reading of Avoda Zara, arguably the Babylonian Talmud's most scandalous tractate. According to Wasserman, Avoda Zara is where this Talmud joins the humanities in questioning what it means to be a human.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
Suicide prevention for youth - a mental health awareness program: lessons learned from the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) intervention study
No full textThe SEYLE project is supported by the European Union through the Seventh Framework Program (FP7), Grant agreement number HEALTH-F2-2009-223091.Wasserman, C., Hoven, C.W., Wasserman, D., Carli, V., Sarchiapone, M., Al-Halabí, S., Apter, A., Balazs, J., Bobes, J., Cosman, D., Farkas, L., Feldman, D., Fischer, G., Graber, N., Haring, C., Herta, D.C., Iosue, M., Kahn, J.-P., Keeley, H., Klug, K., McCarthy, J., Tubiana-Potiez, A., Varnik, A., Varnik, P., Žiberna, J., Poštuvan, V
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Author's address:
No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
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