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Daspletosaurus wilsoni Warshaw & Fowler 2022, sp. nov.
No full textD. wilsoni sp. nov. Etymology wilsoni, Latinization of “Wilson,” after John Wilson, the discoverer of the holotype specimen. Holotype BDM 107, preserving a partial disarticulated skull and postcranium, including both premaxillae, a right maxilla, jugal, lacrimal, quadrate, quadratojugal, dentary, and splenial, and a left postorbital and squamosal. Also preserved are partial cervical, sacral, and caudal series, a rib, a chevron, and a first metatarsal. Cranial bones are very finely preserved, with intricate and detailed surface textures especially on the maxilla and postorbital, with teeth preserved in the maxilla, dentary, and one premaxilla. The sacral and caudal centra are preserved in a heavy and hard concretion and are not yet prepared. The holotype specimen is stored in the collections of the Badlands Dinosaur Museum (BDM) in Dickinson, North Dakota. Geological Setting BDM 107 was recovered from the site “Jack’ s B2,” discovered in 2017 by John Wilson in exposures of the Judith River Formation near Glasgow (Valley County, MT, USA). This is significantly further east than classic ‘Judith’ localities (Fig. 1), and is sedimentologically atypical, representing distal floodplain and delta sediments deposited during the maximum Campanian regression of the Western Interior Seaway. Here, the Judith River Formation is up to ~48 m thick, with the “Jack’ s B2” site occurring ~30 m below the contact with the overlying Bearpaw Shale. Precise stratigraphic placement of this easternmost Judith is currently unclear, although an age of ~76.5 Ma seems most likely, which would correlate in time with the lower to middle part of the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta (Eberth, Currie & Koppelhus, 2005; Fowler, 2017). A youngest age limit of 75.64 Ma (Ogg & Hinnov, 2012) is delineated by ammonites tentatively identified as Didymoceras stevensoni (J. Slattery, 2020, personal communication) collected by BDM from local outcrops of the overlying Bearpaw Shale (although these were not at the base of the Bearpaw, so older ammonite specimens may be encountered during future prospecting). At present, more precise stratigraphic position can be inferred from the timing of the maximum regression of the Western Interior Seaway during the Campanian (correlated with the R8 regression of Kauffman (1977) and Rogers et al. (2016)). In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the Foremost, Oldman, and Dinosaur Park formations represent early to late subcycles (respectively) of the R8 regression, and of these, the Foremost (~80.5–79.5 Ma) and lower Oldman (~79.5–79.0 Ma; and regional equivalents) are restricted to the west (Alberta and west central Montana), and did not extend as far east as Saskatchewan or our study area in eastern Montana (Eberth, Currie & Koppelhus, 2005). During late R8, the upper Oldman (~77.5–77.0 Ma) and Dinosaur Park (~76.9–76.0 Ma) Formations were deposited much further to the east, with the lowermost Dinosaur Park recording the R8 maximum regression at ~76.9–76.4 Ma (Eberth, Currie & Koppelhus, 2005; Fowler, 2017). This correlates well with the Judith River Formation of Montana, where Rogers et al. (2016) show the maximum regression of R8 occurring shortly before 76.2 Ma, based on radiometric dates acquired either side of the mid-Judith discontinuity. As such, it seems likely that the study section corresponds in age to the lower to middle part of the Dinosaur Park Formation (although not necessarily lithostratigraphically correlated). A radiometric analysis of a newly discovered volcanic ash is currently underway, and it is hoped that this will provide definitive stratigraphic placement. Regardless of the precise age of BDM 107, it can be expected to lie intermediate stratigraphically between D. torosus (known from the upper Oldman Formation, ~77.0 Ma; Paulina Carabajal et al., 2021) and D. horneri (known from the Two Medicine Formation, ~75.0 Ma; Carr et al., 2017). Diagnosis D. wilsoni can be assigned to Daspletosaurus based on the following characteristics: extremely coarse subcutaneous surface of the maxilla with no elevated ridges or corresponding fossae (Carr et al., 2017; Voris et al., 2020); cornual process of the postorbital approaching the laterotemporal fenestra (Carr et al., 2017); dorsal postorbital process of the squamosal terminating caudal to the rostral margin of the laterotemporal fenestra (Carr et al., 2017; Voris et al., 2019); and extremely coarse symphyseal surface of the dentary (Voris et al., 2020). D. wilsoni possesses a single autapomorphy: a rostrocaudally elongate and dorsoventrally narrow mylohyoid foramen of the splenial (this foramen is much deeper in other Daspletosaurus, Carr et al., 2017; see below), and can additionally be diagnosed by a unique combination of ancestral and derived Daspletosaurus characteristics. D. wilsoni and D. torosus share a pneumatic inflation of the lacrimal reaching the medial edge of the bone (this inflation does not reach the medial edge of the bone in the holotype of D. horneri, but this may represent an allometric, ontogenetic, or taphonomic bias; E. A. Warshaw, 2022, unpublished data; Carr et al., 2017), cornual process of the postorbital approaching the laterotemporal fenestra (this process terminates much more rostrally relative to the fenestra in D. horneri, contra Carr et al., 2017; see below), cornual process of the postorbital subdivided into two distinct processes (this subdivision is absent in D. horneri, E. A. Warshaw, 2022, personal observations; see Description); prefrontal oriented rostromedially (determined from the angle of the prefrontal articular surface on the lacrimal of the holotype of D. wilsoni, which does not preserve a prefrontal; the prefrontal of D. horneri is oriented mediolaterally), pneumatic excavation of the squamosal that does not undercut its rostromedial margin (entire margin undercut in D. horneri; Carr et al., 2017), and quadratojugal lacking a pneumatic foramen in its lateral surface (although the presence of this foramen is highly intraspecifically variable in both D. horneri and Tyrannosaurus, such that further discoveries of D. wilsoni individuals may reveal its presence in this taxon; Carr et al., 2017; Carr, 2020). D. horneri and D. wilsoni share, to the exclusion of D. torosus, a premaxillary tooth row oriented entirely mediolaterally, such that all but one premaxillary tooth is concealed in lateral view (rostromedial orientation in D. torosus and less derived tyrannosaurids), antorbital fossa of the maxilla terminating at the rostral limit of the external antorbital fenestra (this fossa extends ahead of this boundary onto the subcutaneous surface of the maxilla in D. torosus and less derived tyrannosaurids; Carr et al., 2017; E. A. Warshaw, 2022, unpublished data), rostrodorsal ala of the lacrimal inflated (uninflated in D. torosus and less derived tyrannosaurids), ventral ramus of the lacrimal longer than the rostral ramus (determined largely by the height of the postorbital bar in the reconstructed skull, given that the ventral ramus is largely unpreserved in the holotype of D. wilsoni; the rostral ramus of the lacrimal is longer than the ventral ramus in D. torosus; Carr et al., 2017), short cornual process of the lacrimal (tall in D. torosus, although this process is taller in D. wilsoni than D. horneri and may best be described as intermediate between the previously named species of this genus; Carr et al., 2017), and dorsal quadrate contact of the quadratojugal visible in lateral view (concealed in D. torosus and less derived tyrannosaurids). Description Given the wealth of detailed osteologies describing tyrannosaurine specimens (e.g., Carr (1999); Brochu (2003) and Hurum & Sabath (2003)), our description of the holotype of D. wilsoni places heavy emphasis on characteristics (or combinations of characteristics) unique to this specimen, as well as those that are otherwise taxonomically or phylogenetically informative within Tyrannosaurinae, so as to avoid the reiteration of plesiomorphic tyrannosaurine morphologies (or synapomorphies of Daspletosaurus) already described by previous authors (e.g., Carr et al. (2017); Voris et al. (2019) and Voris et al. (2020)). Ontogenetic Stage of BDM 107 In order to facilitate comparison with other tyrannosaurine individuals of equivalent ontogenetic stages (and in doing so, to avoid the misattribution of a phylogenetic signal to ontogenetically derived characteristics), brief comment is warranted on the ontogenetic stage represented by BDM 107; two lines of evidence suggest that this specimen is of advanced ontogenetic age. Firstly, BDM 107 is among the largest known Daspletosaurus individuals (articulated skull length 105 cm; D. torosus holotype CMN 8506 skull length 104 cm, Voris et al., 2019; D. horneri holotype MOR 590 skull length 89.5 cm, Carr et al., 2017). Although Carr (2020) criticized the use of size as an indicator of ontogenetic status in Tyrannosaurus, this criticism was based on the absence of a correlation between size and maturity among adult individuals; all the largest specimens of this genus were unambiguously recovered as adult by Carr’ s (2020) analysis (i.e., within the final stages of ontogenetic development), such that this feature remains ontogenetically informative in distinguishing adults from juveniles and subadults. Secondly, BDM 107 displays several morphologies known otherwise to characterize mature tyrannosaurines, including a deeply scalloped maxilla-nasal suture (Carr & Williamson, 2004; Carr, 2020), a maxillary fenestra positioned rostrally within the antorbital fossa (Carr, 2020), a cornual process of the lacrimal inflated and positioned dorsal to the ventral ramus (Carr, 1999; Currie, 2003; Carr, 2020), and a grossly exaggerated cornual process of the postorbital (Carr, 1999; Currie, 2003; Voris et al., 2019; Carr, 2020). The totality of this evidence supports an adult ontogenetic stage or later for BDM 107 (adult sensu Carr, 2020; ontogenetic Stage 4 sensu Carr, 1999); this hypothesis may be tested in future work through histological analysis and/ or comparison with further discoveries of D. wilsoni individuals of different ontogenetic stages, both of which lie outside of the scope of the present study. Premaxilla The premaxillae of D. wilsoni are similar to those of D. horneri (Carr et al., 2017, Fig. 1; Fig. 2), Tarbosaurus (Hurum & Sabath, 2003, Fig. 3), and Tyrannosaurus (Brochu, 2003, Fig. 4) in that the alveolar row is oriented largely mediolaterally, such that the rostrum of the skull is broad and the labial surfaces of the premaxillary teeth face rostrally. In Tyrannosaurus and similarly derived tyrannosaurines (Tarbosaurus and D. horneri), the premaxillary teeth largely overlap each other in lateral view such that only the distalmost tooth is clearly visible; the same would be true of the holotype of D. wilsoni, were more than a single premaxillary tooth preserved within its socket. Conversely, the premaxillary tooth row of D. torosus and less derived tyrannosauroids is oriented rostromedially, such that multiple teeth are clearly visible in lateral view (Voris et al., 2019, Fig. 6). Although previous authors have regarded a mediolaterally oriented premaxillary tooth row as a synapomorphy of Tyrannosauridae or more inclusive groups (e.g., Carr et al., 2017: character 15), this is in error; mature specimens of Gorgosaurus (UALVP 10, Voris et al., 2022, Fig. 1; AMNH 5458, Matthew & Brown, 1923, Fig. 2) and Qianzhousaurus (GM F10004, Foster et al., 2021, Fig. 2), have rostromedially oriented premaxillary tooth rows such that in specimens with preserved teeth, all premaxillary teeth are visible in lateral view (although all tyrannosaurids do have premaxillary tooth rows oriented more medially than basal tyrannosauroids; this is the phylogenetic signal recorded in character 15 of Carr et al. (2017)). Comparison with other tyrannosaurids is hampered by the absence of preserved premaxillae and/or published descriptions of this element for several species (e.g., Thanatotheristes, Voris et al., 2020; Dynamoterror, McDonald, Wolfe & Dooley, 2018; Nanuqsaurus, Fiorillo & Tykoski, 2014; Lythronax and Teratophoneus, Loewen et al., 2013, for which all published specimens lack premaxillae); however, D. wilsoni and more derived tyrannosaurines (D. horneri, Tarbosaurus, Tyrannosaurus) represent the greatest exaggeration of the medial inclination of the premaxillary tooth row among tyrannosaurids for which comparative material is available (although this condition, with only one clearly visible premaxillary tooth in lateral view, is present in at least one Gorgosaurus: TCMI 2001.89.1, Voris et al., 2022, Fig. 10). D. torosus is intermediate between the (presumably) ancestral rostromedial orientation and the mediolateral condition of later Daspletosaurus species; two to three premaxillary teeth are visible in lateral view in the holotype specimen, CMN 8506 (Carr & Williamson, 2004, Fig. 6; Voris et al., 2019, Fig. 6). It should be noted that the orientation of the premaxillary tooth row is not necessarily equivalent to the orientation of the premaxillae themselves. In Tyrannosaurus AMNH 5027, for example, the premaxillae appear to be rostromedially oriented in dorsal view (Carr & Williamson, 2004, Fig. 7); however, the premaxillary alveoli are mediolaterally arranged when viewed ventrally (E. A. Warshaw, 2022, personal observations; Osborn, 1912, Fig. 5A; Molnar, 1991, Fig. 9A). The taxonomic utility of this character is a hypothesis that will require further testing as individuals of D. wilsoni and other tyrannosaurids with preserved premaxillae are discovered; notably, two specimens previously referred to D. torosus display the derived condition (mediolateral orientation), sharing it with D. wilsoni and more derived tyrannosaurines: FMNH PR308 (Matthew & Brown, 1923, Fig. 5; Carr, 1999, Fig. 1) and TMP 2001.36.1 (Voris et al., 2019, Fig. 6). If these individuals were to represent D. torosus, the distinction between this species and D. wilsoni in the orientation of the premaxillary tooth row would be heavily undermined; however, both of these specimens have previously been noted as belonging to a novel taxon from the Dinosaur Park Formation (FMNH PR308, Currie, 2003; TMP 2001.36.1, Paulina Carabajal et al., 2021). Therefore, although relevant comparisons will be made with these specimens hereafter, they will be considered separately from D. torosus (and will be referred to below as the Dinosaur Park taxon). A precise taxonomic designation for these specimens is reserved for future work in accordance with comments by previous authors (Currie, 2003; Paulina Carabajal et al., 2021). There is a small (~2 cm diameter) indentation in the nasal process of the right premaxilla of BDM 107; this is most likely pathological, as it is irregular in form and not present on the left premaxilla. Maxilla As in other Daspletosaurus, the subcutaneous surface of the maxilla in D. wilsoni is densely covered in anastomosing sulci extending from neurovascular foramina (Carr et al., 2017; Voris et al., 2020; Fig. 3). The degree of sculpturing of this surface in BDM 107 is similar to CMN 8506 (D. torosus), although in the former, there is no smooth region rostral to the external antorbital fenestra indicating a rostral continuation of the antorbital fossa as D. torosus and alioramins (Carr et al., 2017). As in Thanatotheristes and other Daspletosaurus species, the shallow excavations that characterize the maxillae of the most derived tyrannosaurines (Zhuchengtyrannus, Tyrannosaurus, Tarbosaurus; Hone et al., 2011; Voris et al., 2020) are absent from the holotype maxilla of D. wilsoni. Also absent are the textural ridges present on the maxillae of Zhuchengtyrannus (Hone et al., 2011), Tarbosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, and Thanatotheristes (Voris et al., 2020), but not any Daspletosaurus species. The rostral end of the maxilla of BDM 107 is bowed subtly medially towards its contact with the premaxilla and nasal; this may be a structural consequence of the greater medial inclination of the premaxillary tooth row (see above), as a similar condition characterizes D. horneri (MOR 590, E. A. Warshaw, 2022, personal observations), Tarbosaurus (Hurum & Sabath, 2003, Fig. 15), and Tyrannosaurus (MOR 008, MOR 980, E. A. Warshaw, 2022, personal observations). Tyrannosaurids with more rostromedially inclined premaxillary tooth rows lack this bowing (e.g., D. torosus CMN 8506, J. T. Voris, 2022, personal communication). The maxilla of BDM 107 is irregular relative to other species of Daspletosaurus in that it is proportionally elongate, being 64.1 cm in length and 24.8 cm in height (ratio of length to height = 2.6). This bone is 58.6 cm long rostrocaudally and 27.5 cm tall dorsoventrally in the holotype of D. horneri (ratio of length to height = 2.1; MOR 590, Carr et al., 2017). Given the broad range of variation in the proportions of this element in other tyrannosaurine species for which larger sample sizes are known (e.g., Tyrannosaurus; Carpenter, 1990; Paul, Persons & Van Raalte, 2022; E. A. Warshaw, 2022, personal observations), this characteristic was not included as an autapomorphy of D. wilsoni. Consistency in this trait across further discoveries of D. wilsoni individuals may require a reevaluation of the taxonomic utility of this character. D. wilsoni possesses 15 maxillary alveoli, as in other species of Daspletosaurus (Carr et al., 2017). The 13 th alveolus bears a swollen abscess in BDM 107, and the 15 th maxillary tooth conceals a small replacement tooth within its root that is visible in medial (lingual) view. In general, the maxillary teeth are similar to those of other tyrannosaurid species in being labiolingually broad, although not to the degree present in more derived tyrannosaurines (e.g., Tyrannosaurus and Tarbosaurus), in which the labiolingual width of the maxillary teeth is subequal to their mesiodistal length (Carr et al., 2017). The first maxillary alveolus is not small and also bears an incrassate tooth (i.e., it does not bear a d-shaped crown similar to those present in the premaxillae, as in Gorgosaurus; Currie, 2003; Voris et al., 2022). Jugal The jugal of D. wilsoni is most similar to that of D. torosus among tyrannosaurines in that it has a mediolaterally thin ventral margin of the orbit (as opposed to a rounded margin as in Thanatotheristes, Lythronax, most Tarbosaurus, and some Tyrannosaurus; Voris et al., 2020; Voris et al., 2022; J. T. Voris, 2022, personal communication). A thin ventral margin of the orbit likely represents the ancestral tyrannosaurid condition, (as it is also present in Bistahieversor, Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus, and D. horneri; J. T. Voris, 2022, personal communication) and does not bow medially along its rostrocaudal length (the jugals of D. horneri, Tyrannosaurus, and Tarbosaurus are angled rostromedially rostral to the orbit, such that the maxillae are medially inset from the orbitotemporal region; D. horneri MOR 590, E. A. Warshaw, 2022, personal observations; Tyrannosaurus AMNH 5027, Molnar, 1991, Fig. 9; Tarbosaurus GIN 107/1, Hurum & Sabath, 2003, Fig. 15; E. A. Warshaw, 2022, unpublished data). As in D. torosus, the caudal portion of the lacrimal contact surface of the jugal is shallowly inclined (Fig. 4); this surface is very steep in D. horneri, as well as in Albertosaurus and Gorgosaurus (Carr et al., 2017). Although Carr et al. (2017) recovered this feature as unique to D. horneri among tyrannosaurines, it is also present in some Tyrannosaurus individuals (MOR 980, MOR 1125, AMNH 5027, E. A. Warshaw, 2022, personal observations). Lacrimal As in all tyrannosaurids except for D. horneri, Tarbosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus, the cornual process of the lacrimal in D. wilsoni is large and rises to a distinct apex along its dorsal margin (Carr et al., 2017; Fig. 5). This apex is situated directly dorsal to the lacrimal’ s ventral ramus, as is characteristic of mature tyrannosaurines (Currie, 2003; Carr, 2020). The cornual process of the lacrimal is shorter in D. wilsoni (5.2 cm from the dorsal margin of the lacrimal antorbital recess to the apex of the cornual process in BDM 107) than D. torosus (6.9 cm, CMN 8506; Voris et al., 2019, Fig. 6), but similar to the Dinosaur Park taxon (5.1 cm, TMP 2001.36.1; Voris et al., 2019, Fig. 6) (these three specimens are each within 2 cm of each other in skull length, such that measurements of this process need not be corrected for differences in absolute specimen size; see above; Voris et al., 2019, Fig. 6). The lacrimal cornual process of the D. horneri holotype MOR 590 is shorter still (3.7 cm; Carr et al., 2017, Fig. 1), although it should be noted that this specimen is also ~15% shorter in skull length than any of the specimens previously mentioned (Carr et al., 2017; Voris et al., 2019; see above), such that the difference in this feature between D. horneri and other Daspletosaurus is relatively less pronounced than isolated measurements of this process would suggest (scaled isometrically to the same skull length as MOR 590, however, BDM 107 would still have a taller cornual process of the lacrimal, at 4.4 cm). Carr et al. (2017) regarded an accessory cornual process of the lacrimal as a synapomorphy of Daspletosaurus. However, this process is indistinguishable from the caudally directed supraorbital process of the lacrimal upon which it is purported to sit; the supraorbital processes of the lacrimals of Tyrannosaurus (MOR 555, MOR 980, MOR 1125, AMNH 5027, E. A. Warshaw, 2022, personal observations), Tarbosaurus (ZPAL MgD-I/4, Hurum & Sabath, 2003, Fig. 6), and Teratophoneus (UMNH VP 16690, Loewen et al., 2013, Fig. 3) are all mor
Maktabat Al Muthanna Baghdad Feb-May 1962
No full textOn the same date, Ali Al-Mansouri issued an official financial statement confirming that the Al-Khanji Foundation owed a total of 11.375.أصدر علي المنصوري بيانًا ماليًا رسميًا بتاريخ 25 نيسان 1962 يُفيد بأن مؤسسة الخانجي مدينة بمبلغ إجمالي قدره 11,375
Qilādat al-jawāhir fī dhikr al-Ghawth al-Rifāʻī wa-atbāʻih al-akābir
No full textA book on Sufism on the Rifa'i way, in which the author collects virtues, conditions, dignity, sayings, behavior, method, and the realizations of the truth of Sheikh Ahmed Muhyi al-Din Abu al-Abbas al-Kabeer al-Rifa'i. Furthermore, the user talked about the widespread support he receives from his followers and the key aspects of his method
Ash-Shuo'a" the UNDIVIDED by Imam Omar Bin Abdulaziz Al-Boukhary in the Hanafi School
No full textThis research treating a study and investigation of the book titled "Ash-Shuo'a" THE UNDIVIDED by Imam Omar Bin Abdulaziz Al-Boukhary in the Hanafi school. It contains an Introduction and two chapters, the introduction displays the reasons for choosing the research title, it's important, the previous studies, its objectives, its methodology and the abstract. The first chapter: the theoretical contains two themes. The first identify the author, the second identify the investigated book. The second chapter: the investigation which includes the methodology followed in the investigation of manuscript, the photos and the investigation of the book. Finally, I have showed the most important results and recommendations. Also, I mentioned the index of resources and references used in study and investigation
Musical Instruments in Al-Jahiz
No full textفي كتابات الجاحظ، تناول أديب العرب الجاحظ قضايا الموسيقى والطرب والغناء. كان الجاحظ معروفًا بعلمه وأدبه، وكتب العديد من الأعمال التي تسلط الضوء على جوانب الحياة المترفة في المجتمع. كتب كتابًا بعنوان "أخلاق المغنين" وآخر بعنوان "المغنين والغناء والصنعة". في هذه الكتب، دافع الجاحظ عن الغناء كفن فني، ورأى أنه يمتلك قواعد وأسسًا علمية تشابه مع غيره من الفنون والآداب. كان يروج للغناء باعتباره متعة فنية. وعلى الرغم من انتمائه للمعتزلة، إلا أن الجاحظ كان مشجعًا للغناء ومغنين، وكتب عن أخلاقهم وفنونهم. وفي رسالته "القيان"، تناول الجاحظ تأثير بيوت القيان والقيان نفسهن في المجتمع الإسلامي، حيث أشار إلى الفسق والعشق والفجور الذي قد ينتج عن هذا التأثير. بشكل عام، تركت كتابات الجاحظ أثرًا مهمًا في فهمنا لثقافة الموسيقى والطرب والغناء في العصور القديمة.In his writings, the Arab author Al-Jahiz addressed issues related to music, Tarab (a genre of music), and singing. Al-Jahiz was known for his knowledge and literature, and he wrote numerous works that shed light on the luxurious aspects of society. He authored a book titled "Ethics of Singers" and another titled "Singers, Singing, and the Craft." In these books, Al-Jahiz defended singing as an artistic form and believed that it possessed scientific principles and foundations similar to other arts and literature. He promoted singing as a pleasurable art form. Despite his affiliation with the Mu\u27tazila school of thought, Al-Jahiz was a supporter of singing and singers, and he wrote about their ethics and arts. In his treatise "Al-Qiyan," Al-Jahiz discussed the influence of courtesans and their households on Islamic society, pointing to the immorality, passion, and vice that may result from this influence. Overall, Al-Jahiz\u27s writings have had a significant impact on our understanding of music, Tarab, and singing in ancient times
Theoretical Insights of History, Morality, and Society as the Literary Trio of the Author-Reader Relationship.
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Major Complications Independently Increase Long-Term Mortality After Pancreatoduodenectomy for Cancer
No full textBackground: Postoperative major morbidity has been associated with worse survival gastrointestinal tumors. This association remains controversial in pancreatic cancer (PC). We analyzed whether major complications after surgical resection affect long-term survival. Methods: Records of all PC patients resected from 2007 to 2015 were reviewed. Major morbidity was defined as any grade-3 or higher 30-day complications, per the Clavien-Dindo Classification. Patients who died within 90 days after surgery were excluded from survival analysis. Results: Of 616 patients, 81.7% underwent pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and 18.3% distal pancreatectomy (DP). Major complications occurred in 19.1% after PD and 15.9% after DP. In patients who survived > 90 days, the likelihood of receiving adjuvant treatment was 43.9% if major complications had occurred, vs. 68.5% if not (p < 0.001), and those who received it started the treatment median 10 days later compared with uncomplicated patients (median 60 days (50–72) vs. 50 days (41–61), p = 0.001). By univariate analysis, in addition to the conventional pathology-related prognostic determinants and the receipt of adjuvant treatment, major complications worsened long-term survival after PD (median OS 26 months vs. 15, p = 0.008). A difference was also seen after DP, but it did not reach statistical significance, likely related to the small sample size (median OS 33 months vs. 18, p = 0.189). At multivariate analysis for PD, major postoperative complications remained independently associated with worse survival [HR 1.37, 95%CI (1.01–1.86)]. Conclusions: Major surgical complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy are associated with worse long-term survival in pancreatic cancer. This effect is independent of the receipt of adjuvant treatment. © 2018, The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract
Examining the Authorship of Nahj al-Balāgha: Between Ali Ibn Abi Talib, al-Sharif al-Radi, and al-Sharif al-Murtad
No full text"نهج البلاغة" كتاب يُنسَب إلى عليّ بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه يتضمّن عددًا من الخطب والمواعظ والعهود والرّسائل والحِكَم والوصايا والآداب، توزّعت على 238 خطبة، و 79 رسالة و 489 قولا، يرى الشّيعة في "النّهج" أنّه أحد الكتب المهمّة الّتي يجب على الشّيعي قراءتها والأخذ والتعلّم منها، وقد اختلف الدّارسون والنّقّاد القدامى والمعاصرون في مؤلّـِفه، فمنهم مَن اعتبره لعليّ بن أبي طالب ومنهم من اعتبره للشّريف الرَّضيّ، وفريق ثالث جعله للشّريف المرتضى. تتناول هذه الدراسة بالاستقصاء والتحقّق والتحليل نسبة الكتاب إلى صاحبه أو ما يُزيل الإبهام، هل هو عليّ بن أبي طالب؟ أم الشّريف الرَّضيّ؟ أم الشّريف المرتضى؟ ويحاول أن يرجّح لمن يُنسَب كتاب نهج البلاغة، وما مدى مصداقيـّته؟ وما مدى صحّة نسبة كتاب نهج البلاغة لعليّ، وما رأي الدّارسين والعلماء فيه؟ وما هي أهمّ المطاعن الموجّهة إلى نهج البلاغة؟The book Nahj al-Balagha is a collection of sermons, letters, adages, commandments, and etiquettes, divided into 238 sermons, 79 treatises, and 489 sayings. People following the Shiite sect regard it as a crucial text for teaching and learning, and they attribute it to Ali Ibn Abi Talib. Yet, the book’s real author is still disputed among Sharia scholars. While some attribute it to Ali Ibn Abi Talib, others claim that al-Sharif al-Radi is the book’s actual author, whereas another group attribute it to al-Sharif al-Murtada. This study employs a comprehensive approach to investigate and analyze the book’s authorship. It involves a detailed literary and historical analysis, examining primary sources, scholarly works, and critical literature to explore the real author of the text. It compares the content of the book with other authenticated works belonging to the potential authors in order to identify similarities and differences. By evaluating the style, language, and themes of Nahj al-Balagha, as well as reviewing historical documents and manuscripts, the study aims to trace the text’s origins and transmissions. In doing so, it addresses the significant critiques and controversies surrounding the text, enhancing our understanding of its historical and literary significance. The study further contributes to the ongoing discourse on the book’s authorship, providing more clarity on the topic and promoting additional scholarly research
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