1,720,961 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Rekombinante Expression und Design der Aminoacylase 1 für die Synthese von N-Acyl-Aminosäuren
Full text linkIm Rahmen der Dissertation wurde die Möglichkeit der enzymatischen N Acylierung von Aminosäuren über eine thermodynamisch kontrollierte Reaktion im wässrigen Medium untersucht. Eine Auswahl von Biokatalysatoren wurde auf ihre Eignung hin untersucht und die Aminoacylase 1 aus der Schweineniere (pAcy1) als Wildtyp-Enzym ausgewählt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das primäre Problem bei der pAcy1-katalysierten Synthese der Modellkomponente N-Lauroyl-L-Glutamat (NLLG) in einem sehr ungünstigen thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht liegt. Dieses konnte zwar durch den pH-Wert zugunsten der Synthese verschoben werden, lieferte aber auch unter optimierten Bedingungen nur unzureichende Umsätze. Als primäre Probleme auf Seiten des Biokatalysators wurde ein niedriges Verhältnis zwischen der Synthese und Hydrolyse des Produktes (S/H-Verhältnis) neben einer vergleichsweise schlechten Akzeptanz langkettiger Acyldonoren identifiziert. Um für eine Optimierung des Enzyms die Methoden des rationalen Protein Designs und der gerichteten Evolution zu nutzen, wurde ein rekombinantes Expressionssystem über ein synthetisches Gen der pAcy1 auf dem Vektor pET52(b) realisiert. Durch die Anpassung des Expressionsmediums, der Temperatur sowie der Co-Expression molekularer Chaperone konnten etwa 80 mg aufgereinigtes Enzym pro Liter Fermentationslösung erhalten werden. Das rekombinante Protein wurde biochemisch charakterisiert und die Aktivität gegenüber dem bevorzugten Substrat der pAcy1 N-Acetyl-L-Methionin (NAM) mit 94 U/mg quantifiziert. Die Optimierung des S/H-Verhältnisses der pAcy1 fokussierte sich auf das Potential der katalytischen Base (E146) zur Protonenaufnahme. Als Basis für ein rationales Design wurde ein Strukturmodell erstellt und ein Aspartat an der Position 346 identifiziert, welches den pKa-Wert von E146 maßgeblich beeinflusst. Durch Modellierungen der Elektrostatik im aktiven Zentrum wurde die Substitution von D346 zu Alanin, Asparaginsäure, Glutamat und Glutamin vorgeschlagen und weiterhin die Mutation der katalytischen Base selbst untersucht. Versuche zur Beschreibung des S/H-Verhältnisses von erstellten Varianten der pAcy1 wurden anschließend mit NAM als Modellkomponente durchgeführt. Bei allen Mutanten war ein starker Rückgang der Gesamtaktivität zu verzeichnen, wobei die Restaktivitäten der 146X-Varianten maximal 0,5% und die der 346X-Varianten maximal 9% bei der Hydrolyse betrugen. Durch die parallele Quantifizierung der Synthesereaktion konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich das S/H-Verhältnis durch die Substitution des Asp346 in beide Richtungen verschieben lässt, wobei die gewünschte Erhöhung des Verhältnisses mit einer stark verminderten Gesamtaktivität einhergeht. Die Mutante D346A wies z.B. eine Erhöhung des S/H-Verhältnisses von 0.02 auf 0.18 auf, wobei allerdings die Restaktivität im Vergleich zum Wildtyp-Enzym bei der Synthese 0.2% und die in der Hydrolyse 0.05% betrug. Zur Erklärung dieser Beobachtungen wurde die pH-Abhängigkeit der pAcy1-Varianten für die Hydrolyse des artifiziellen Substrats Furyl-Acyl-M ethionin (FAM) bestimmt. Eine Verschiebung des pH-Optimums ins Saure bzw. ins Basische korrelierte bei D346A bzw. D346E mit der zuvor bestimmten Verschiebung des S/H-Verhältnisses. Weiterhin sollte die Affinität der pAcy1 gegenüber langkettiger Acyldonoren durch gerichtete Evolution erhöht werden. Da aus der Literatur bekannt ist, dass die Reste I177, T345, L370 die Acylbindetasche des Enzyms definieren, wurden diese über iterative Sättigungsmutagenese randomisiert und so etwa 32.000 Varianten der pAcy1 erzeugt. Zur Charakterisierung einer Mutantenbibliothek wurde ein hochdurchsatzfähiges Expressions- und Screeningsystem etabliert, wofür das bereits realisierte Expressionssystem auf den Mikrolitermaßstab übertragen und auf die besonderen Ansprüche hin optimiert wurde. Zur Charakterisierung der Enzyme wurde eine modifizierte Form eines bereits beschriebenen Proteaseassays verwendet, welcher eine kontinuierliche Messung der entstehenden Aminosäure als Produkt der Hydrolysereaktion erlaubte. Eine vorhergehende Selektion aktiver Varianten auf Minimalmedium erlaubt ein effizientes Screening der Mutantenbibliothek. Das Screening- und Selektionssystem wurde bisher mit der Wildtyp-pAcy1 und einer inaktiven Mutante erfolgreich getestet und zeigte Schwankungen von lediglich ±10%. Das noch ausstehende Screening der Mutantenbibliothek wird in laufenden Arbeiten durchgeführt.In the context of the thesis the possibility of an enzymatic N-acylation of amino acids via a thermodynamically controlled reaction in the aqueous medium was examined. A selection of biocatalysts was tested for their suitability and the aminoacylase 1 from pig kidney (pAcy1) was selected as wild-type enzyme. It could be shown that the primary problem in the pAcy1-catalyzed synthesis of the model component N-lauroyl-L-glutamate (NLLG) is a very unfavorable thermodynamic equilibrium. The equilibrium could be shifted to synthesis by adjustment of water activity and pH, however, also under optimized conditions only insufficient conversions could be obtained. As the primary problems concerning the biocatalyst a low ratio between the synthesis and hydrolysis of the product (S/H-ratio) apart from a bad acceptance of long chain acyl donors was identified. In order to arrange for protein design, a recombinant expression system was realized using a synthetic pACY1 gene integrated in the pET52(b) vector system. By adjustment of the expression conditions and co-expression of molecular chaperones during the fermentation, a yield of 80 mg purified enzyme was obtained per litre culture medium. The recombinant protein was biochemically characterized and the activity towards the preferred substrate of the pAcy1 N-acetyl-L-methionine (NAM) was quantified with 94 U/mg. The rational optimization of the S/H-ratio of the pAcy1 focused on the potential of the catalytic base (E146) for the specific proton acceptor potential. As the basis for this rational design a structural model was constructed and an aspartate at the position 346 was identified, which affects the pKa value of E146 considerably. By modeling of the electrostatics in the active center the substitution of D346 was to alanine, asparagine acid, glutamate and glutamine and also the mutation of the catalytic base was suggested and then examined. Attempts for the description of the S/H relationship of provided variants of the pAcy1 were accomplished with NAM as the model component. With all mutants a strong decrease of the total activity was observed. Residual hydrolytic activities of the 146X-mutants amounted to maximally 0.5% and those of the 346X-mutants yielded at best only 9% of wild-type activity. Parallel quantification of the synthesis reaction demonstrated that the S/H-ratio is movable by the substitution of the Asp346 in both directions, whereas the desired increase of the relationship was accompanied by a strongly decreased total activity. The mutant D346A for example exhibited an increase of the S/H ratio from 0.02 to 0.18, but the residual activity in comparison to the wt-enzyme amounted to 0.2% in synthesis and 0.05% in hydrolysis. In order to explain these observations, the pH-dependency of the pAcy1-variants was investigated in the hydrolysis of the artificial substrate furyl-acryloyl-L-methionine (FAM). A shift of the pH-optimum to acidic or basic conditions correlated with the shift of the S/H-ratio determined before for D346A and D346E. Furthermore, the affinity of pAcy1 towards long chain acyl donors should be increased by directed evolution. Since literature references define the residues I177, T345, L370 as the acyl binding pocket of the enzyme, these residues were randomized using iterative saturation mutagenesis and a library with 32,000 pAcy1-variants was constructed. For the characterization of this library a high-throughput expression and screening-system was established. For this, the already realized expression system was optimized regarding the special requirements for expression in micro titer plates. For the characterization of the library a modified form of an already described protease assay was used, which permitted a continuous measurement of the amino acid as the product of the hydrolysis reaction. A pre-selection of active variants on minimal medium allowed an efficient screening of the library. The screening and selection systems were tested so far successfully with the wt-pAcy1 and an inactive E146A-mutant and show fluctuations of ±10%. The screening procedure will be accomplished in current work
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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